61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

　　人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關系。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、省略

　　解釋：前面的主架構There have been attempts to explain these taboos很簡單，從in terms of inappropriate social relationships開始句子變難，ralationship后面跟著一個一直延續到句末的長長的修飾成分，其中有兩個固定搭配，eitheror和betweenand，不但如此，原文把這兩個搭配又套在一起，變成了either betweenand,or betweenand;再加上每一個betweenand之后都是those who這樣的結構，就愈發令人眼花繚亂了。

　　意群訓練：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

　　62. Many critics of Family Brontes novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

　　研究艾米麗。勃朗特小說《呼嘯山莊》的許多文學評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種浪漫的的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：上面的翻譯中為了符合中文習慣不得不把修飾the first part的where引導的定語從句翻譯到中括號以外。本句主要難在兩個地方，一個是插入語if it does not reverse如何理解，另一個是counterpoint的意思是什么。產生，插入語的位置比較討厭，把comments on the first part這樣一個連貫的說法割成兩段，增加了閱讀的難度。而且它的意思容易理解錯;if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，則上下文的意思則要理解成即使不反對第一部分，也要給予第一部分一個負面的評論。然而此處不能這樣理解，因為that之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、對立，而是指和諧的組成部分的意思。這個詞來源于一個音樂術語，指音樂中的對位法、旋律配合，引伸為形容兩個不同的東西彼此和諧一致，同義詞是harmony。因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反對第一部分，則是與第一部分和諧一致的評論的意思。這種情況下，插入語純屬廢話。

　　意群訓練：Many critics of Family Brontes novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

　　63. Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels　heterogeneous parts.

　　誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯的那種意識相比擬;然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統一、當然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句的結構固然復雜，但造成最大的閱讀難度的，主要還是對一些抽象詞的理解。正面是對一些關鍵詞匯的解釋：

　　Granted that出現在句首，其意思是大家都同意、當然，實際上是一種讓步語氣，等于admitted,of course。

　　Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那個辯論、爭論的意思，而是表示意味著或證實的意思，其同義詞是maintain或prove。

　　Camparable的詞義有兩個，除了讀者熟悉的that can be compared之外，還有一個意思是worthy of comparison，其同義詞是as good as。本文中用的是后面的那個意思，對于這個詞義的理解，后面的第18題考到了。

　　意群訓練：Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels　heterogeneous parts.

　　64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis，but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.

　　這倒不是因為這樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題，而是因為《呼嘯山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，最終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句的兩個插入語雖然有一些干擾性，但是最為主要的難點在于成批出現的抽象詞，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。據筆者估測，對于初學GRE或GMAT的學習者而言，在一句話中出現了三個心上的抽象詞就會使閱讀理解造成障礙，而這句話中出現了十三個這樣的單詞，讀不懂也不足為怪。

　　訓練：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis，but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.

　　65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

　　鉛的同位素構成經常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差;而最初的研究表明，對于來自單獨一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構成幾乎是毫無二致的。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、專業抽象詞

　　解釋：本句是一個怪異的現象的典型例子：句子的結構談不上復雜，所用單詞也不難，但是除非讀者有理工科的科研背景，否則句子雖然能夠得讀下來，但是卻搞不清句子說的是什么意思。首先，句子中出現的一些詞匯雖然也都比較常見，但是在理科文章中出現，就有了專有名詞的意味，同時還帶有很抽象的學術含義，筆者稱之為專業抽象詞，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。認識這些單詞，并不意味著懂得它們在文章的意義和作用。比如說measurement error，大家都可以望文生義地理解成測量錯誤、測量誤差，但是在對文章的閱讀中這種字面上的理解是遠遠不夠的。其實此處強調的并不是測量中出現的錯誤和毛病，而是指那些每次測量都會發生的、永遠也無法避免的、在測量值和實際值之間的正常的差異。因此，本句話的真實含義也難以理解。句子只是羅列了一堆事實，而作者真正想說的意思是什么呢?其實variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是這些不同variations是真正有意義的不同，而不是試驗的誤差;那么不同礦源的銅礦的鉛同位素成分真的不同，相同的礦源的鉛同位素幾乎相同，就意味著我們可以通過測量鉛同位素的成分來確定銅礦的礦源。

　　意群訓練：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

　　66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　更有可能的是鳥類運輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通過內部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、倒裝

　　解釋：句首有一個倒裝，正常語序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的頻繁出現使句子顯得十分凌亂。

　　意群訓練：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點，認為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經濟利益所支配，而且認為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉變為擴張主義的軍事目標所左右產生了最終導致美國革命的緊張氣氛。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：主架構簡單，可是主語和表語從句都不讓人省心。句子的主干其實就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主語A long-held view之后卻是修飾它的一個三層的定語：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系動詞has been之后所接的表語從句其實不止一個，其實原句是用了and來連接兩個并列的表語從句，has been thatand has been that。后面的has been照例被省略。

　　意群訓練：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

　　現在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內含物中，而這類物質的晶體結構普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結構。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據，證明金剛石與內含物確是同源的。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的句子既長，專有名詞又多，從句層出不窮，故而難懂。在本句中出現的專有名詞中，除了silicates硅酸鹽這個單詞常常出現于理科文章中，需要記憶之外，其他單詞閱讀現場簡單處理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物質;garnet作首字母提煉叫g:crystallography只要能從詞頭推出這個單詞與晶體有關即可。

　　意群訓練：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

　　69. Even the radical critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

　　即使是對這一主流研究模型的激進批評，諸如《分裂的社會》一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數民族同化問題過分機構地與經濟和社會移動性的因素聯系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數民族的文化從屬關系。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、省略、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句實際上是由and連接的兩個句子，閱讀的一個難度在于，and之后省略了they而are thus able to 又與前面離得太遠，使讀者難以找到主語。

　　另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D當中的A、B、C，全部既長又抽象，理解起來較為困難。

　　意群訓練：Even the radical critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

　　70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected.

　　它們被稱為虛粒子，以便與實粒子區分開來，而實粒子則不會以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測定。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的怪異在于：real particles后面跟著兩個定語從句，都是同時修飾real particles的，而且兩個從句之間不用逗號隔開，卻又加上and連接，令人一眼看上去極不習慣。

　　意群訓練：They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected.

　　61. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

　　人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關系。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、省略

　　解釋：前面的主架構There have been attempts to explain these taboos很簡單，從in terms of inappropriate social relationships開始句子變難，ralationship后面跟著一個一直延續到句末的長長的修飾成分，其中有兩個固定搭配，eitheror和betweenand，不但如此，原文把這兩個搭配又套在一起，變成了either betweenand,or betweenand;再加上每一個betweenand之后都是those who這樣的結構，就愈發令人眼花繚亂了。

　　意群訓練：There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

　　62. Many critics of Family Brontes novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

　　研究艾米麗。勃朗特小說《呼嘯山莊》的許多文學評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種浪漫的的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：上面的翻譯中為了符合中文習慣不得不把修飾the first part的where引導的定語從句翻譯到中括號以外。本句主要難在兩個地方，一個是插入語if it does not reverse如何理解，另一個是counterpoint的意思是什么。產生，插入語的位置比較討厭，把comments on the first part這樣一個連貫的說法割成兩段，增加了閱讀的難度。而且它的意思容易理解錯;if既可以理解成如果的意思，也可以理解成即使的意思。如果理解成即使的意思，則上下文的意思則要理解成即使不反對第一部分，也要給予第一部分一個負面的評論。然而此處不能這樣理解，因為that之前的counterpoint的意思不是相反、對立，而是指和諧的組成部分的意思。這個詞來源于一個音樂術語，指音樂中的對位法、旋律配合，引伸為形容兩個不同的東西彼此和諧一致，同義詞是harmony。因此文中的if it does not reverse的意思是假如不反對第一部分，則是與第一部分和諧一致的評論的意思。這種情況下，插入語純屬廢話。

　　意群訓練：Many critics of Family Brontes novel Wuthering Heights see its second　part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

　　63. Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels　heterogeneous parts.

　　誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯的那種意識相比擬;然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統一、當然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句的結構固然復雜，但造成最大的閱讀難度的，主要還是對一些抽象詞的理解。正面是對一些關鍵詞匯的解釋：

　　Granted that出現在句首，其意思是大家都同意、當然，實際上是一種讓步語氣，等于admitted,of course。

　　Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那個辯論、爭論的意思，而是表示意味著或證實的意思，其同義詞是maintain或prove。

　　Camparable的詞義有兩個，除了讀者熟悉的that can be compared之外，還有一個意思是worthy of comparison，其同義詞是as good as。本文中用的是后面的那個意思，對于這個詞義的理解，后面的第18題考到了。

　　意群訓練：Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels　heterogeneous parts.

　　64. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis，but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.

　　這倒不是因為這樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題，而是因為《呼嘯山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，最終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句的兩個插入語雖然有一些干擾性，但是最為主要的難點在于成批出現的抽象詞，如interpretation/necessarily/stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power/ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。據筆者估測，對于初學GRE或GMAT的學習者而言，在一句話中出現了三個心上的抽象詞就會使閱讀理解造成障礙，而這句話中出現了十三個這樣的單詞，讀不懂也不足為怪。

　　訓練：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis，but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.

　　65. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

　　鉛的同位素構成經常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差;而最初的研究表明，對于來自單獨一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構成幾乎是毫無二致的。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、專業抽象詞

　　解釋：本句是一個怪異的現象的典型例子：句子的結構談不上復雜，所用單詞也不難，但是除非讀者有理工科的科研背景，否則句子雖然能夠得讀下來，但是卻搞不清句子說的是什么意思。首先，句子中出現的一些詞匯雖然也都比較常見，但是在理科文章中出現，就有了專有名詞的意味，同時還帶有很抽象的學術含義，筆者稱之為專業抽象詞，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。認識這些單詞，并不意味著懂得它們在文章的意義和作用。比如說measurement error，大家都可以望文生義地理解成測量錯誤、測量誤差，但是在對文章的閱讀中這種字面上的理解是遠遠不夠的。其實此處強調的并不是測量中出現的錯誤和毛病，而是指那些每次測量都會發生的、永遠也無法避免的、在測量值和實際值之間的正常的差異。因此，本句話的真實含義也難以理解。句子只是羅列了一堆事實，而作者真正想說的意思是什么呢?其實variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是這些不同variations是真正有意義的不同，而不是試驗的誤差;那么不同礦源的銅礦的鉛同位素成分真的不同，相同的礦源的鉛同位素幾乎相同，就意味著我們可以通過測量鉛同位素的成分來確定銅礦的礦源。

　　意群訓練：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicatevirtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

　　66. More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　更有可能的是鳥類運輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通過內部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、倒裝

　　解釋：句首有一個倒裝，正常語序是bird transport is more probable。后面的句子中由于插入部分的頻繁出現使句子顯得十分凌亂。

　　意群訓練：More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　67. A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點，認為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經濟利益所支配，而且認為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉變為擴張主義的軍事目標所左右產生了最終導致美國革命的緊張氣氛。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：主架構簡單，可是主語和表語從句都不讓人省心。句子的主干其實就是：A long-held view has been that..。但是主語A long-held view之后卻是修飾它的一個三層的定語：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States。系動詞has been之后所接的表語從句其實不止一個，其實原句是用了and來連接兩個并列的表語從句，has been thatand has been that。后面的has been照例被省略。

　　意群訓練：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　68. It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

　　現在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內含物中，而這類物質的晶體結構普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結構。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據，證明金剛石與內含物確是同源的。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的句子既長，專有名詞又多，從句層出不窮，故而難懂。在本句中出現的專有名詞中，除了silicates硅酸鹽這個單詞常常出現于理科文章中，需要記憶之外，其他單詞閱讀現場簡單處理一番既可：inclusions可以猜出是被包含的物質;garnet作首字母提煉叫g:crystallography只要能從詞頭推出這個單詞與晶體有關即可。

　　意群訓練：It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond;but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

　　69. Even the radical critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

　　即使是對這一主流研究模型的激進批評，諸如《分裂的社會》一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數民族同化問題過分機構地與經濟和社會移動性的因素聯系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數民族的文化從屬關系。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語、省略、抽象詞

　　解釋：本句實際上是由and連接的兩個句子，閱讀的一個難度在于，and之后省略了they而are thus able to 又與前面離得太遠，使讀者難以找到主語。

　　另外，句中的固定搭配attach A to B和illuminate C as D當中的A、B、C，全部既長又抽象，理解起來較為困難。

　　意群訓練：Even the radical critiques　of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

　　70. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected.

　　它們被稱為虛粒子，以便與實粒子區分開來，而實粒子則不會以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測定。

　　難句類型：復雜修飾、插入語

　　解釋：本句的怪異在于：real particles后面跟著兩個定語從句，都是同時修飾real particles的，而且兩個從句之間不用逗號隔開，卻又加上and連接，令人一眼看上去極不習慣。

　　意群訓練：They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained　in the same way，and which can be detected.