析

　　長難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成障礙，形成一種心理壓力，使考生失分。如果考生面對這些長難句，在短時間內能對它們進行結構解析，確切地理解它們的漢語意思，考生在閱讀過程中的問題就會迎刃而解。以下是對2008年各省、市高考英語閱讀理解中的一些有代表性的長難句的解析。 1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes. 簡析：第一個句子中有一個賓語從句，賓語從句中有一過去分詞短語found in cocoa作定語，還有一個非限制性定語從句；第二個句子中有一個定語從句。 譯文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳藥物，可是他們的研究發現在可可粉中包含的可可堿，其療效又比可卡因幾乎高三分之一。 在因特網上公布了他們的研究成果的倫敦皇家大學的研究員們說道：這種發現可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授說道：“這種發現可能在治咳史上向前邁了一大步”。 2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江蘇卷B篇) 簡析：句子中含有兩個定語從句，這是解題的關鍵。 either ...or連結的是并列結構。 譯文：來自太陽的大部分能量都不會到達地球的表面，這種能量或者被上層大氣中的氣體反射或吸收。在到達低層大氣的能量中，有30%的能量被云層或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面溫暖。 3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization. (NMET 2008 山東卷D篇) 簡析：第一句中夾雜有一個結果狀語從句，又有復雜主語。主語的中心語為The response，其后的to her request for help為后置定語，第二句是由and并列的兩個簡單句，其中第二句中承前省略了主語kids FACE。 譯文：人們對她請求幫助的反應如此強烈以至于波建立了一個為了更潔凈環境的孩子的組織。現在這個組織在全世界有300，000名成員，并且它是世界上最大的青少年環保組織。 4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同齡人) group.(NMET 2008 遼寧卷C篇) 簡析：夾雜定語從句和形式賓語結構。 譯文：對他來說，不關心自己的學習是一種酷的標志的原因之一是受到他的同齡人的影響。 　

　　5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重慶卷E篇) 簡析：句子中夾雜著固定短語，v-ing式作主語，復雜主語，v-ing式作結果狀語以及定語從句。 譯文：無窮盡的選擇給人們的生活帶來了無盡的煩惱。買像咖啡壺這樣最基本的東西也不是那么簡單了。對許多人而言，面對觸手可及的一系列的日常用品卻感到眼花瞭亂、不知所措，結果是購物者只好放棄選擇、匆匆而去，或者僅僅買了一件并非真正需要的不合適的商品。 6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇) 簡析：第一句主干結構為she felt like ...because ...，句首內容為狀語，because從句中有一個插入成份。第二句中v-ing作狀語表原因。第三句主干結構為：she didn’t ...because ...。 譯文：作為家庭七個孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一種感覺，就是她擁有“七個父親”，原因是她的六個兄弟和她的父親都想控制她。由于羞怯和覺得無地位的緣故，她總是埋頭苦讀。盡管她酷愛讀書，可是在小學她的成績不佳，因為她太害羞而不能積極地參與。 7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. (NMET 2008 四川卷C篇) 簡析：句中夾雜兩個賓語從句，一個時間狀語從句和一個what引導的表語從句。 譯文：他們可能認為吃午飯是他們困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他們可能認為是炎熱的緣故。然而，真正的原因在于他們身體的內部。在那時，也就是說，在你醒來大約八個小時之后，你的體溫開始呈下降的趨勢。這就是使你行動遲緩并且感到困乏的原因。 8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陜西卷E篇) 簡析：第一句中包含一個that引導的同位語從句，在其中又有一個that引導的定語從句，還有一介詞 +關系代詞(among whom)引導的定語從句。注意more women之后省去了與前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。 譯文：大腦這些差異也解釋了這樣的事實：更多的男性從事空間技能的工作，而更多的女性則從事需要語言技能的工作。這種現象也可以追溯到我們的祖先時代，據一項研究表明，在他們當中，女性做的是照看孩子這樣的需要語言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩獵這樣的需要空間技能的工作。? ??? 9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇) 簡析：句中有since引導的原因狀語從句，v-ing式作定語(including ...)和狀語(without paying .../using the Internet)。 譯文：在那個時代，知識產權很容易受到保護，因為不付費想得到知識產權是很困難的。然而，現在許多知識產權包括歌曲、電影、書籍和藝術品通過使用因特網都可以免費下載。 　 10.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇) 簡析：句中有“The + 比較級，the + 比較級”的結構，還有復雜的不定式結構。 譯文：我們越忙，對我們自己而言，而且我們也以為在其他人看來，我們越重要。我們無空幫助朋友，找不到時間照顧家庭，找不到自己放松的時間，這已經成為了成功生活的模式。 　 11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇) 簡析：第一句的主體結構為：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一個that引導一個賓語從句，賓語從句中又含有一個倒裝結構，其中主語為that they often ...的一個主語從句，表語為among the problems with ...。破折號間內容為插入語。 譯文：研究員們說，早期研究帶來的問題之一是他們沒有考慮到那些最有可能患皮膚癌人，比如皮膚白皙和有雀斑的人。可是皮膚白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防曬劑，結果是好像防曬劑的使用者患皮膚癌更常見。 12.Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇) 簡析：該句中有一個who引導的定語從句，兩個賓語從句(分別由that及how引導)，v-ing式作定語。第一句的主體結構為：Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work。 譯文：剛剛為這座城市建成藝術畫廊的約克姆和貝爾，確切感受到裝飾他們自己的房子中獲得的經驗，也就是說，把裝飾的注意力放在房子的里面而不是外面對他們的工作產生了影響。同時這使這兩位建筑師有了一次機會去展示他們是如何以較少的錢做更多的事。 　

　　析

　　長難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成障礙，形成一種心理壓力，使考生失分。如果考生面對這些長難句，在短時間內能對它們進行結構解析，確切地理解它們的漢語意思，考生在閱讀過程中的問題就會迎刃而解。以下是對2008年各省、市高考英語閱讀理解中的一些有代表性的長難句的解析。 1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes. 簡析：第一個句子中有一個賓語從句，賓語從句中有一過去分詞短語found in cocoa作定語，還有一個非限制性定語從句；第二個句子中有一個定語從句。 譯文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳藥物，可是他們的研究發現在可可粉中包含的可可堿，其療效又比可卡因幾乎高三分之一。 在因特網上公布了他們的研究成果的倫敦皇家大學的研究員們說道：這種發現可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授說道：“這種發現可能在治咳史上向前邁了一大步”。 2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江蘇卷B篇) 簡析：句子中含有兩個定語從句，這是解題的關鍵。 either ...or連結的是并列結構。 譯文：來自太陽的大部分能量都不會到達地球的表面，這種能量或者被上層大氣中的氣體反射或吸收。在到達低層大氣的能量中，有30%的能量被云層或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面溫暖。 3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world’s largest youth environmental organization. (NMET 2008 山東卷D篇) 簡析：第一句中夾雜有一個結果狀語從句，又有復雜主語。主語的中心語為The response，其后的to her request for help為后置定語，第二句是由and并列的兩個簡單句，其中第二句中承前省略了主語kids FACE。 譯文：人們對她請求幫助的反應如此強烈以至于波建立了一個為了更潔凈環境的孩子的組織。現在這個組織在全世界有300，000名成員，并且它是世界上最大的青少年環保組織。 4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同齡人) group.(NMET 2008 遼寧卷C篇) 簡析：夾雜定語從句和形式賓語結構。 譯文：對他來說，不關心自己的學習是一種酷的標志的原因之一是受到他的同齡人的影響。 　

　　5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重慶卷E篇) 簡析：句子中夾雜著固定短語，v-ing式作主語，復雜主語，v-ing式作結果狀語以及定語從句。 譯文：無窮盡的選擇給人們的生活帶來了無盡的煩惱。買像咖啡壺這樣最基本的東西也不是那么簡單了。對許多人而言，面對觸手可及的一系列的日常用品卻感到眼花瞭亂、不知所措，結果是購物者只好放棄選擇、匆匆而去，或者僅僅買了一件并非真正需要的不合適的商品。 6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇) 簡析：第一句主干結構為she felt like ...because ...，句首內容為狀語，because從句中有一個插入成份。第二句中v-ing作狀語表原因。第三句主干結構為：she didn’t ...because ...。 譯文：作為家庭七個孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一種感覺，就是她擁有“七個父親”，原因是她的六個兄弟和她的父親都想控制她。由于羞怯和覺得無地位的緣故，她總是埋頭苦讀。盡管她酷愛讀書，可是在小學她的成績不佳，因為她太害羞而不能積極地參與。 7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time —about eight hours after you wake up—your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. (NMET 2008 四川卷C篇) 簡析：句中夾雜兩個賓語從句，一個時間狀語從句和一個what引導的表語從句。 譯文：他們可能認為吃午飯是他們困乏的原因。或者在夏天，他們可能認為是炎熱的緣故。然而，真正的原因在于他們身體的內部。在那時，也就是說，在你醒來大約八個小時之后，你的體溫開始呈下降的趨勢。這就是使你行動遲緩并且感到困乏的原因。 8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陜西卷E篇) 簡析：第一句中包含一個that引導的同位語從句，在其中又有一個that引導的定語從句，還有一介詞 +關系代詞(among whom)引導的定語從句。注意more women之后省去了與前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。 譯文：大腦這些差異也解釋了這樣的事實：更多的男性從事空間技能的工作，而更多的女性則從事需要語言技能的工作。這種現象也可以追溯到我們的祖先時代，據一項研究表明，在他們當中，女性做的是照看孩子這樣的需要語言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩獵這樣的需要空間技能的工作。? ??? 9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇) 簡析：句中有since引導的原因狀語從句，v-ing式作定語(including ...)和狀語(without paying .../using the Internet)。 譯文：在那個時代，知識產權很容易受到保護，因為不付費想得到知識產權是很困難的。然而，現在許多知識產權包括歌曲、電影、書籍和藝術品通過使用因特網都可以免費下載。 　 10.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇) 簡析：句中有“The + 比較級，the + 比較級”的結構，還有復雜的不定式結構。 譯文：我們越忙，對我們自己而言，而且我們也以為在其他人看來，我們越重要。我們無空幫助朋友，找不到時間照顧家庭，找不到自己放松的時間，這已經成為了成功生活的模式。 　 11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇) 簡析：第一句的主體結構為：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一個that引導一個賓語從句，賓語從句中又含有一個倒裝結構，其中主語為that they often ...的一個主語從句，表語為among the problems with ...。破折號間內容為插入語。 譯文：研究員們說，早期研究帶來的問題之一是他們沒有考慮到那些最有可能患皮膚癌人，比如皮膚白皙和有雀斑的人。可是皮膚白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防曬劑，結果是好像防曬劑的使用者患皮膚癌更常見。 12.Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇) 簡析：該句中有一個who引導的定語從句，兩個賓語從句(分別由that及how引導)，v-ing式作定語。第一句的主體結構為：Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work。 譯文：剛剛為這座城市建成藝術畫廊的約克姆和貝爾，確切感受到裝飾他們自己的房子中獲得的經驗，也就是說，把裝飾的注意力放在房子的里面而不是外面對他們的工作產生了影響。同時這使這兩位建筑師有了一次機會去展示他們是如何以較少的錢做更多的事。