專題14 閱讀理解

　　【熱點突破】

　　直接信息題的選項中多采用原文中的信息進行直接考查。在做題時考生迅速找到原文中與題干who，what，when，where，why，how 等提問。此類題目相對簡單只要考生認真細心得分就會比較容易。

　　(2024·高考全國卷閱讀理解A)Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum

　　Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August.Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book.They end around 21：00.November

　　7th

　　The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building.

　　Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．December 5th

　　Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London’s ice trade grew.

　　February

　　6th

　　An Update on the Cotswold Canals，by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer.We will have a report on the present state of play.

　　March

　　6th

　　Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest interest.

　　Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/bookMore info：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatsonLondon Canal Museum

　　12－13 New Wharf RoadI 9RT

　　www.canalmuseum.org.ukwww.canalmuseum.mobi：020 7713 0836

　　本文為一篇應用文。介紹了英國的London Canal Museum分別在十一月、十二月、二月和三月舉行的四次monthly talks的相關信息包括名稱、主講人、主要內容并附加介紹了具體聯系方式等信息。

　　21When is the talk on James Brindley?________

　　A．February 6th.

　　B．March 6th.

　　C．November 7th.

　　D．December 5th.

　　22．What is the topic of the talk in February? ________

　　A．The Canal Pioneers.

　　B．Ice for the Metropolis.

　　C．Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands.

　　D．An Update on the Cotswold Canals.

　　23．Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames? ________

　　A．Miranda Vickers.

　　B．Malcolm Tucker.

　　C．Chris Lewis.

　　D．Liz Payne.

　　【特別提醒】

　　在解答這類題時，考生可以采取“關鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問題找答案”的方法，通過定位找題點。先從題干中提取關鍵性詞語(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關的段落、語句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關，然后仔細推敲，仔細比較所給選項與文中細節的細微區別，在準確理解細節的前提下，最后確定答案。

　　【熱點突破】

　　根據近幾年的高考題來看高考細節理解題的答案的得出通常需要考生對選項進行一定的處理即需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語意上的轉換兩者存在表達上的差異有時需要進行加工或整理方能得出結論。

　　(2024·高考全國卷閱讀理解B節選)Disappointed by many a broken－ripened(蔓上成熟的) promiser how attractive they look in the store，once I get them home they’re unfailingly dry，hard，and tasteless.But I homed in，with uncertainty，on one particular table at the Brown’s Grove Farm’s stand，full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real deal—and at that moment，

　　I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.

　　26．What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?________

　　A．They are soft.

　　B．They look nice.

　　C．They taste great.

　　D．They are juicy.

　　【特別提醒】

　　語義轉換題屬于中檔難度題，分數比例較大。命題者在出此類題時慣用“偷梁換柱、張冠李戴”的方法來迷惑考生，即對原句細微處做改動，截取原文詞語或結構進行改造，因果倒置，把A觀點說成B觀點等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是解題的關鍵。常見干擾項的特點：(1)將原文內容擴大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項看似正確，實際上卻是錯誤選項。(2)無中生有。即選項內容是根據主觀想象或推測得出結論，而文中并未涉及。(3)偷換概念。把原來做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，而所述細節卻與原文一致，一不小心就會誤選。(4)文不對題。這類選項最不容易辨別，選項中的描述與原文完全一致，確實屬于原文中的一個細節，這時要回到題干，看該選項是否能回答題干所提的問題。(5)符合常識，但不是文章內容。(6)部分正確，部分錯誤。

　　【熱點突破】

　　細節推斷題是推理判斷題中比較簡單的一類試題，它要求考生根據語篇中具體的內容和信息點，推斷出文章中具體的細節，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。解答此類試題時，一般可根據短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。考生只要正確把握文章的內在關系，理解文章的真正含義，就可作出準確的推斷。

　　(2024·高考天津卷閱讀理解C節選)I never told my mother about my “miraculous”(奇跡般experience that summer，but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later，she was proud that her son had read thousands of books，was awarded a PhD in literature，and authored his own books，articles，poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.

　　49．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?_______

　　A．The author has become a successful writer.

　　B．The author’s mother read the same book.

　　C．The author’s mother rewarded him with books.

　　D．The author has had happy summers ever since.

　　【特別提醒】對于細節推斷題來說根據文章中的關鍵信息點進行推斷是解答此類試題的關鍵。考生不但要理解文章的字面含義還要運用邏輯判斷能力推斷出文章更深層的含義。同時還要根據文章內容進行推斷不能憑空猜測。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中

　　【熱點突破】

　　該類型題目考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點或態度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的基礎上對觀點或態度傾向進行分析、識別的能力。該類型題目的選項一般含有以下三類詞uninterested(不感興趣的)(中立的)(漠不關心的)等；褒義詞：positive(積極的)(支持的)(滑稽有趣的)(熱情的)(贊賞的)等；貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)(批評的)(否定的消極的)(失望的)等。(2024·高考湖北卷閱讀E，節選)On the wholeabove the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.

　　69．What is the author’s general attitude towards the book? _______

　　A．Contradictory.

　　B．Supportive.

　　C．Cautious.

　　D．Critical.

　　【特別提醒】

　　如何解答“心思難猜”的觀點態度類推理判斷題？

　　1．一般來說，作者對某一事物的態度往往較為明確，要么支持，要么反對，帶中立色彩的詞語通常是錯誤選項，作 者 既 然寫文章就不會不關心；

　　2．正確把握文章字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點代替作者的觀點；

　　3．因為作者往往不直接提出自己的態度或立場，而且作者寫作時也常帶有某種傾向性，所以，考生在讀文章時要細心 捕捉表達或暗示情感態度的詞語，捕捉那些烘托氣氛、表達 情感的語句。

　　4．要學會區分不同的觀點，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點。

　　考生要注意文中出現的直接引語和間接引語，出現的觀點一般是當事人的觀點，而不是作者的觀點。作者的觀點一般用in my view，in my opinion，personally， I think，I hold 等引出。

　　【熱點突破】

　　該題型著重考查考生根據上下文猜測詞義的能力這也是一個從“已知”得出“未知”的過程即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進行推理有時還需要依靠常識和經驗來猜測詞義。考查范圍涉及

　　(2024·高考北京卷閱讀理解C節選)The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射) lighto you can see it easily.

　　64．The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．

　　A．silently

　　B．gradually

　　C．regularly

　　D．completely

　　【特別提醒】

　　對于此類題目我們可以借助下面這些方法來答題：(1)“拆 猜”并用來解決問題：閱讀中常常會遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞。此時可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把該詞的各種詞綴或前后兩個合成部分拆開，再結合我們掌握的構詞法知識,根據中心詞的含義和詞綴的含義猜測其意思。(2)根據定義或解釋猜詞：如果生詞后有一個句子(定語從句或同位語從句)或段落來對其下定義，或使用破折號、冒號、分號后的內容和引號、括號中的內容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個句子或段落就可以推斷詞義。

　　(3)根據同義詞和反義詞猜詞：在單詞所出現的上下文中，有時會出現與之同義或反義的詞語或結構，這時考生可從熟悉的詞語中推測其含義。(4)根據因果關系進行猜詞：該方法是根據前后的因果關系來推斷某個生詞或短語的意思。可由表示原因的句意推測出表示結果的句子中的某個生詞或短語的意思；也可由表示結果的句意推測出表示原因的句子中的某個生詞或短語的意思。(5)根據語義轉折猜詞：有時作者為了增強表達效果，在文章中會用一些表示轉折意思的連詞、副詞或短語，如： though，although，but，yet，instead， however，while，rather than 等，考生可以根據轉折的語境猜測詞義。

　　【熱點突破】

　　代詞指代題要求考生依據語境的邏輯關系判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對象包括考查itthey/them(指代人、物、事件的復數名詞)等人稱代詞的指代意義以及指示代詞this等在文章中的指代意義以考查考生對文章中敘述的特定的人、物、事件的再認能力。

　　(2024·高考重慶卷閱讀理解D節選)Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventureave a reputation for providing a great riding experience.

　　48．What does the underlined word “They” refer to?

　　_________

　　A．Flooded waters.

　　B．Wildlife journeys.

　　C．Safari camps.

　　D．Unique rides.

　　【特別提醒】解答代詞指代題時我們要認真閱讀畫線詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內容分析人稱轉換和動作變換的詳細過程理清其來龍去脈和前后的因果關系從而準確推斷其指代的對象。因此理解上下文(特別是上句)的意思和代詞所在句的意思是解題的關鍵。

　　【熱點突破】

　　段落大意是指一篇文章各個段落的主要意思是對一個段落的基本內容的簡縮和初步的概括。概括段落大意時一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基礎上進行做到圍中心注意連貫同時還要注意段落大意是否與全篇相稱。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡潔的語句表達。(2024·高考福建卷閱讀理解E節選)Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However(內啡肽)y，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.

　　72．The first paragraph focuses on ________．

　　A．the greatest challenge of group exercise

　　B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness

　　C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health

　　D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups

　　【特別提醒】每個段落通常都有一個中心段落主題句通常會出現在段落的首句或尾句有時也會

　　【熱點突破】

　　文章的主旨是通過段落來表達的而段落

　　(2024·高考重慶卷閱讀理解A節選)At thirteen(診斷) with a kind of attention disorder. It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasksttention problems.I might not be able to do it.”

　　She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.”

　　I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home.

　　In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots(點)w world of knowledge to the blind.

　　Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.

　　Indeed；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”

　　39What is the main idea of the passage?_______

　　A．The disabled should be treated with respect.

　　B．A teacher can open up a new world to students.

　　C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.

　　D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.

　　【特別提醒】考生在解答文章主旨大意類試題時常會出現看懂文章卻做錯題這一現象。因為考生在選擇文章主旨大意時常會犯以偏概全的錯誤。要避免出現這種錯誤考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細節懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊含的意義；然后以“三主一問”作為解題思路。“三主”指文章的主題思想、文章的結構主線和關鍵句的主謂結構。“一問”指根據文章后面所設的問題來發問：此題的考查點是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干這樣在閱讀文章時才能站得高看得遠從而知全局。

　　【熱點突破】

　　標題是文章中心思想的精煉表達形式。文章標題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法對文章的主題和中心進行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準確地選擇文章的標題。考生在做標題歸納類試題時要注意標題的三個特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對性。

　　(2024·高考全國卷閱讀理解B節選)Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.

　　Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home

　　doesn’t have enough window lightMind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue.

　　Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the timesize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one(攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short

　　8．What can be a suitable title for the text?_______