小結(jié)：　完形填空題常見問題與解決方法

　　近幾年高考，“完形填空”命題的一個顯著特點是以考查實詞為主。實詞包括名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞和代詞等，這些詞又統(tǒng)稱為信息詞。選準這些信息詞，考生要從整體上理解文章的內(nèi)容，在上下文情景中運用所學(xué)詞匯，不能單純從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上確定答案。

　　但“完形填空”不同于“閱讀理解”。“完形填空”仍然是考查語言和詞匯的運用，只不過是考查從語篇層次所設(shè)定的語境中綜合運用語言的能力，在這一點上，又與著重考查語法和詞匯運用的“單項填空”及“語法填空”題型不同。所以，要答好完形填空題，考生必須具備迅速找準主題，理順文章層次關(guān)系，領(lǐng)會作者的觀點和寫作意圖的歸納判斷能力。

　　完形填空是學(xué)生最犯怵的題型之一，文章的殘缺性和不連貫性使得很多學(xué)生難以正確理解文章內(nèi)容，所以導(dǎo)致了大量失分。考生在做完形填空題時容易出現(xiàn)以下3個問題：

　　問題一：語義理解錯誤

　　問題二：作者意圖判斷錯誤

　　問題三：常用詞語辨析錯誤

　　問題一：語義理解錯誤

　　【問題描述與分析】

　　“完形填空”旨在測試學(xué)生綜合運用語言的能力，所提供的是一篇具有完整信息的短文。其中段與段、句與句，甚至詞與詞之間都有著不可分割、千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。有的完形填空題第一空的答案需要讀完全文才能做出正確選擇。有的最后一空的選項又是為了呼應(yīng)全文主題，需要結(jié)合全文主題才能作答。相當一部分考生一拿到試題就開始邊讀邊填空，從表面上看似乎是快了，但實際上由于對全文的大意心中無數(shù)，沒有語篇意識，只是斷章取義，拘泥于所填空的句子本身，而不結(jié)合整篇文章所提供的語境，不善于從上下文中尋找線索，往往做了后面忘了前面，很可能是漏洞百出，選錯答案。

　　【例】 I met Mrs. Neidl in the ninth grade on a stage-design team for a play and she was one of the directors. Almost instantly I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking，__36__she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.

　　Mrs. Neidl would ask me for my__37__.She wanted to know how I thought we should__38__things. At first I had no idea how to answer because I knew__39__about stage design! But I slowly began to respond to her__40__. It was cause and effect: She believed I had opinions, so I began to __41__ them. She trusted me to complete things, so I completed them perfectly. She loved how__42__I was, so I began to show up to paint more and

　　more. She believed in me, so I began to believe in myself.

　　Mrs. Neidl’s__43__that year was，“Try it. We can always paint over it __44__！” I began to take __45__. I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failing－only things to be__46__upon. I learned to dip my brush into the paint and __47__create something.

　　The shy, quiet freshman achieved success that year. I was__48__in the program as “Student Art Assistant” because of the time and effort I’d put in. It was that year that I__49__I wanted to spend the rest of my life doing stage design.

　　Being on that stage-design team__50__Mrs. Neidl changed me completely. Not only was I stronger and more competent than I had thought, but I also__51__a strong interest and a world I hadn’t known existed. She taught me not to__52__what people think I should do. She taught me to take chances and not be__53__.Mrs. Neidl was my comforter when I was upset. Her__54__in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined__55__.(2010·北京卷)

　　36．A.and

　　B．yet

　　C．so

　　D．for

　　37．A.opinion

　　B．impression

　　C．information

　　D．intention

　　38．A.make

　　B．keep

　　C．handle

　　D．change

　　39．A.anything

　　B．something

　　C．everything

　　D．nothing

　　40．A.questions

　　B．comments

　　C．explanations

　　D．remarks

　　41．A.hold

　　B．follow

　　C．evaluate

　　D．form

　　42．A.happy

　　B．lively

　　C．reliable

　　D．punctual

　　43．A.message

　　B．motto

　　C．saying

　　D．suggestion

　　44．A.again

　　B．more

　　C．instead

　　D．later

　　45．A.steps

　　B．control

　　C．charge

　　D．risks

　　46．A.improved

　　B．a(chǎn)cted

　　C．looked

　　D．reflected

　　47．A.easily

　　B．carefully

　　C．confidently

　　D．proudly

　　48．A.introduced

　　B．recognized

　　C．identified

　　D．considered

　　49．A.confirmed

　　B．decided

　　C．realized

　　D．a(chǎn)cknowledged

　　50．A.with

　　B．below

　　C．of

　　D．by

　　51．A.developed

　　B．discovered

　　C．took

　　D．fostered

　　52．A.accept

　　B．care

　　C．judge

　　D．wonder

　　53．A.bored

　　B．lazy

　　C．sad

　　D．a(chǎn)fraid

　　54．A.trust

　　B．patience

　　C．curiosity

　　D．interest

　　55．A.accessible

　　B．enjoyable

　　C．possible

　　D．favorable

　　【解題導(dǎo)語】 本文是記敘文，記述了自己通過加入舞臺設(shè)計小組和Mrs. Neidl對自己的影響，作者徹底改變了自己，變得不再像以前那樣膽小，文章的第三段是個轉(zhuǎn)折，考生在做題的時候可能把握不了這個變化，導(dǎo)致后面的連續(xù)失誤。

　　36．答案：B　[unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking 和encouraging and inspiring之間構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故用yet。]

　　37．答案：A　[由下一句可知她想詢問我的意見如何去處理事情。]

　　38．答案：C　[handle things意為“處理，解決問題”，根據(jù)I knew nothing about stage design可知她想知道我應(yīng)該怎樣處理舞臺設(shè)計的問題。]

　　39．答案：D　[根據(jù)no idea可知作者對于舞臺設(shè)計一無所知。]

　　40．答案：A　[由上文ask me for...和She wanted to know...可知對于她的問題“我”漸漸做出了反應(yīng)。]

　　41．答案：D　[上文提到作者對舞臺設(shè)計沒有什么想法，但由于Mrs. Neidl認為作者有自己的主見看法，所以作者開始形成自己的想法。hold opinions意為“持有……的觀點”；follow opinions意為“遵循觀點”；evaluate opinions意為“對觀點加以評估”。]

　　42．答案：C　[根據(jù)She believed in me可知，reliable與believe in相呼應(yīng)。]

　　43．答案：B　[A意為“信息”；B意為“座右銘，箴言”；C意為“諺語”；D意為“建議”。We can always paint over it 這是Mrs. Neidl信奉的座右銘，故選B。]

　　44．答案：D　[根據(jù)常識可知事情起先都不是一帆風(fēng)順的，最終后來都會成功的。]

　　45．答案：D　[take steps意為“采取措施”；B意為“控制”；C意為“負責(zé)，掌管”；D take risks意為“冒風(fēng)險”。take risks和下文最后一段take chances相呼應(yīng)。]

　　46．答案：A　[根據(jù)there was no failing可知只是事情需要不斷地得到提高。]

　　47．答案：C　[根據(jù)下文第一句話可知作者那年成功了，由此說明他很有自信地去創(chuàng)作。]

　　48．答案：B　[由上一句．..achieved success that year可知因“我”在節(jié)目中投入的時間和精力而最終被大家所認可。A意為“介紹”；B意為“認可，認出；識別”；C意為“認出，識別”；D意為“認為；考慮”。]

　　49．答案：C　[A“確認”；B“決定”；C“意識到”；D“承認”。作者經(jīng)歷了由過去的害怕失敗到最終成功，所以意識到自己有從事舞臺設(shè)計的潛力。]

　　50．答案：A　[with表示原因“因為，由于”。]

　　51．答案：B　[A、D和interest搭配意為“培養(yǎng)興趣”，不能和a world搭配，故排除；take an interest意為“對……感興趣”，也不可和world搭配；discover指“發(fā)現(xiàn)原先就存在的東西，只是不為人發(fā)現(xiàn)而已”，根據(jù)I hadn’t known可知A正確。]

　　52．答案：B　[“我”曾經(jīng)如此害怕失敗，關(guān)鍵還是在于太在乎別人的想法，care意為“在乎，關(guān)心，在意”。]

　　53．答案：D　[由上文I had been so afraid of...可知她教會“我”學(xué)會冒險嘗試，不要害怕。]

　　54．答案：A　[由第二段She believed in me 和She trusted me...可知。]

　　55．答案：C　[由上文可知“我”那年最終成功了，而之所以成功在于她的信任激勵“我”去做一些過去認為不可能做到的事情。故possible“可能的”，符合題意。A項“可接近的”；B項“有趣的，愉快的”；D項“有利的，良好的，贊成的”。]

　　【解決方案與復(fù)習(xí)指南】

　　完形填空出題的理論依據(jù)就是利用人們的視覺暫留和思維的連貫性特點，所以考生應(yīng)該力圖將短文中的空缺補充完整。具體做法如下：首先，通讀全文，掌握主旨。正如英國語言學(xué)家泰勒所指出的：“完形填空測試題的空格是與文章的上下文有緊密聯(lián)系的，而不是孤立的、不相關(guān)的。”由此可見，要做好“完形填空”，首先必須通讀全文，抓住短文不設(shè)空的首句和一些關(guān)鍵詞，弄懂全文大意。這樣才能融會貫通，根據(jù)語境的需要選出既合乎語法又合乎語意的最佳答案。通讀時，首先要弄清短文的第一句，這往往是一個故事的背景或是一篇文章的中心。

　　其次，要抓住文章的脈絡(luò)，掌握文章的線索，以便了解作者的思路。文章往往是以一定的時間順序或以地點變遷為線索的。若以時間為序，要注意動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱變化等方面；如果以地點變遷為線索，則應(yīng)注意在不同地點出現(xiàn)的人物和情節(jié)。如：

　　A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and __21__. It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart(遠離的)；it can keep a__22__with very little effort.

　　I will give__23__. A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting__24__.We had been close as__25__but had grown apart. Our meetings were not__26__；our conversation was filled with arguments and quarrels; and every effort to clear the air seemed to only__27__our misunderstanding. Then he __28__a small island in the Caribbean and we__29__touch. One day he wrote me a letter. He described his island and its people, told me what he was doing, said how he felt, and encouraged me to__30__. Rereading the letter, I was__31__by its humor(幽默)and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had__32__respected my older brother but__33__he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so__34__. And with that one letter we became friends__35__.

　　It might never have occurred to__36__to write me if he had not been in a

　　place where there were no__37__.For him, writing was a necessity. It also turned out to be the best way for us to get back in touch. Because we live in an age of__38__communication(通信), people often__39__that they don’t always have to phone or email. They have a__40__. And that is to write.(2010·全國Ⅱ卷)

　　21．A.received

　　B．rewritten

　　C．returned

　　D．reread

　　22．A.record

　　B．promise

　　C．friendship

　　D．secret

　　23．A.an example

　　B．a(chǎn) lesson

　　C．a(chǎn)n experience

　　D．a(chǎn) talk

　　24．A.through

　　B．together

　　C．a(chǎn)long

　　D．a(chǎn)way

　　25．A.brothers

　　B．children

　　C．fellows

　　D．classmates

　　26．A.normal

　　B．necessary

　　C．pleasant

　　D．possible

　　27．A.deepen

　　B．start

　　C．express

　　D．settle

　　28．A.toured

　　B．stopped

　　C．reached

　　D．moved to

　　29．A.lost

　　B．kept in

　　C．needed

　　D．got in

　　30．A.think

　　B．write

　　C．enjoy

　　D．read

　　31．A.driven

　　B．beaten

　　C．surprised

　　D．honored

　　32．A.never

　　B．seldom

　　C．sometimes

　　D．once

　　33．A.realized

　　B．judged

　　C．thought

　　D．expected

　　34．A.well

　　B．often

　　C．much

　　D．soon

　　35．A.later

　　B．a(chǎn)nyhow

　　C．too

　　D．a(chǎn)gain

　　36．A.us

　　B．a(chǎn)nyone

　　C．someone

　　D．my brother

　　37．A.mail services

　　B．transport services

　　C．phones

　　D．relative

　　38．A.poor

　　B．easy

　　C．popular

　　D．busy

　　39．A.believe

　　B．decide

　　C．a(chǎn)rgue

　　D．forget

　　40．A.habit

　　B．choice

　　C．method

　　D．plan

　　21．答案：D　[根據(jù)后文第二段后半部分提示(Rereading the letter)重讀這封信，可知此空應(yīng)為D項。]

　　22．答案：C　[通讀全文及第二段最后一句話And with that one letter we became friends...可知，文章講述信件與友誼，故答案為C項。]

　　23．答案：A　[篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。第一段綜述，第二段為實例，此句為兩段過渡句。譯為：我來舉個例子。故答案為A項。]

　　24．答案：C　[根據(jù)后兩句內(nèi)容We had been...arguments and quarrels. 可知長大后作者與哥哥“相處不好“，not get along意為相處不好，故答案為C項。]

　　25．答案：B　[根據(jù)前文(We had been close...)及后文(but had grown apart)得知，前后兩句為

　　反義詞再現(xiàn)表達，后者為長大后關(guān)系疏遠，前者必為兒時關(guān)系親密，故答案為B項。]

　　26．答案：C　[根據(jù)后句內(nèi)容(arguments and quarrels)得知，兩者會面不愉快，故答案為C項。]

　　27．答案：A　[根據(jù)后兩句內(nèi)容，哥哥搬走，不再聯(lián)系，可知誤會更深，故答案為A項。]

　　28．答案：D　[根據(jù)后文內(nèi)容哥哥在小島上，可知應(yīng)是搬去那里，故答案為D項。]

　　29．答案：A　[前文哥哥搬走，后文有一天寫信得知，有段時間未聯(lián)系，故答案為A項。]

　　30．答案：B　[由文中得知，作者談?wù)摰氖菍懶排c友誼，上文哥哥通過寫信告知近況，是想與弟弟通信息，此句應(yīng)是鼓勵弟弟寫信，故答案為B項。]

　　31．答案：C　[根據(jù)后兩句內(nèi)容(I had never known he could write so...)得知，對哥哥的幽默及表達感到驚訝，故答案為C項。]

　　32．答案：D　[由第二段開頭及本句得知作者與哥哥幼時友好并尊敬哥哥，所以此處應(yīng)為曾經(jīng)，故答案為D項。]

　　33．答案：C　[由前文中作者長大后與哥哥關(guān)系不友好及后文不知道哥哥能寫得那么好，得知作者內(nèi)心以為哥哥不再有那么好的表述。realized認識到；judged判斷、斷定；thought認為，以為；expected期待，預(yù)料；故答案為C項。]