2024屆高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法考點(diǎn)講練：第八專題

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　　知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 ?

　　介詞是英語(yǔ)中比較活躍的詞, 中學(xué)階段所學(xué)的介詞有40多個(gè)。它與名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞等構(gòu)成搭配時(shí)用法靈活, 意義豐富。搭配比較活躍的介詞主要有in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with等。今后高考對(duì)介詞的考查將以介詞的固定短語(yǔ)和介詞辨析為主。在學(xué)習(xí)介詞時(shí),考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握介詞的基本用法, 同時(shí)注意總結(jié)其與名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等搭配構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)的意思和用法。考點(diǎn)1　介詞的基本用法知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。 1.介詞按其詞義分為下列常見的幾種: (1)表地點(diǎn)(包括動(dòng)向),如about, above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, over, through, throughout, to, towards, under, up, upon, with, within, without等。注意:有不少表地點(diǎn)的介詞可表動(dòng)向,除很明顯的across, around, near, over, towards外,還有among, behind, beneath, between, on, to, under等。 (2)表時(shí)間, 如about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by,

　　知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until), to, towards, within等。 (3)表除去,如besides, but, except等。 (4)表比較,如as, like, above, over等。 (5)表贊成、反對(duì),如against, for, with等。 (6)表原因、目的, 如for, from, with等。 (7)表結(jié)果,如to, with, without等。 (8)表手段、方式,如by, in, with等。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 (9)表所屬,如of, with等。 (10)表?xiàng)l件,如on, without, considering等。 (11)表讓步,如despite, in spite of等。 (12)表關(guān)于,如about, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to等。 (13)表對(duì)于,如to, for, over, at, with等。 (14)表根據(jù),如on, according to等。 (15)表其他,如without(沒(méi)有)等。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 2.介詞的句法功能介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中做成分,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,表示人、物、事件等與其他人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。 (1)作定語(yǔ): The book on the table is mine. 桌上的書是我的。 (2)作狀語(yǔ): We have breakfast at seven.我們?cè)谄唿c(diǎn)鐘吃早餐。(表時(shí)間) They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.由于下大雨他們知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究開會(huì)遲到了。(表原因) They started the machine by pressing the button.他們按下按扭,開動(dòng)了機(jī)器。(表方法) (3)作表語(yǔ): My dictionary is in the bag.我的詞典在包里。 (4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): I found him in the office. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)他在辦公室。考點(diǎn)2　常見介詞的活用知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 by, with, against, over, on, in, at, besides, for等是常考的介詞。掌握這些介詞的用法和意義以及準(zhǔn)確把握句子語(yǔ)境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下面是近年高考考查最多的幾個(gè)介詞, 應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握: 1.over可表位置,意為“在……正上方;越過(guò);遮住;蓋住”,也可表時(shí)間,意為“在……期間;(多年)以來(lái)”等,它還有“在……(問(wèn)題)上;對(duì)(某事)”等引申意義。如: We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我們一邊喝茶一邊愉快地交談。 2.by的主要意思有“在……旁;靠近;乘(車、船等);不遲于;到……為知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究止;被;由;根據(jù);按照(關(guān)系);通過(guò)……方式”等,還可以用來(lái)表示增加或減少的程度。by構(gòu)成的常見短語(yǔ)有: by and by“不久;很快”; by oneself“單獨(dú)”; by the way“順便說(shuō)說(shuō)”; by far...“……得多;最……”; by accident“偶然地”; by means of“借助;依靠”; by no means“決不;一點(diǎn)也不”; by mistake“錯(cuò)誤地”。如: The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上漲了兩米。 3.with可以用來(lái)表示“帶有;擁有;隨著;就……來(lái)說(shuō);用;以;和;與;對(duì)于;關(guān)于”等意思。with還可用來(lái)表示原因。如: 知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 He turned red with anger.他氣得臉都變紅了。 4.beyond這個(gè)詞也是一個(gè)考查熱點(diǎn)。beyond表示“(時(shí)間)過(guò)了;比……晚;遲于;(位置)在……那邊;超出……之外;(范圍)超過(guò);為……所不及;超出……的范圍”等意思。如: The book is beyond me.這本書我看不懂。 Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.湯姆的數(shù)學(xué)比他哥哥的好多了。考點(diǎn)3　介詞的固定搭配高考主要考查考生對(duì)介詞固定搭配的掌握程度、對(duì)介詞短語(yǔ)意義知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究的了解以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應(yīng)用。 1.名詞短語(yǔ):on the contrary“相反”;in turn“依次”;in one??s opin-ion“根據(jù)某人的看法”;out of reach“夠不著”。 2.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):remind sb of sth“提醒某人某事”;rob sb of sth“搶劫某人某物”;call at“訪問(wèn)(某地)”。 3.形容詞短語(yǔ):be curious about“對(duì)……好奇”;be proud of“因……而自豪”;be popular with“受到……的歡迎”。 4.介詞短語(yǔ):apart from“除……外”; in addition to“除……之外(還)”;because of“因?yàn)椤?instead of“代替”;in fear of“害怕;為…… 知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究提心吊膽”;for fear of“以免”;in case of“以防”; thanks to“由于”; in the middle of“在……中間”;according to“根據(jù)”;in front of“在……前面”;in return for“作為對(duì)……的回報(bào)”;in charge of“負(fù)責(zé)”;as a result of“作為……的結(jié)果”;in exchange for“與……交換”。考點(diǎn)4　核心介詞用法歸納與辨析 1.表示時(shí)間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi),如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in, 如:in the 1990s, in January, in (the) winter。in和during表一段時(shí)間內(nèi)時(shí)兩詞通常可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有區(qū)別:當(dāng)接知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究表示“活動(dòng)”的抽象名詞時(shí)多用during, 接“活動(dòng)”的動(dòng)名詞及短語(yǔ)時(shí)多用in。如:during the discussion, in discussing the problem, dur-ing her stay in Hubei, in playing basketball, during the course, in dig-ging the tunnel。 2.在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。 3.表示某一時(shí)刻或某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間用at,如小時(shí)、分鐘等。有些時(shí)間名詞前有one, each, any, every, some, all, next, last, that修飾時(shí),不接介詞。如:that day, next Sunday, some day, one day。 4.till, until, to的用法知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 (1)till(until)與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫性動(dòng)詞連用一般用在否定句中。如: He waited for me till twelve o??clock. 他等我,一直等到十二點(diǎn)鐘。 He didn??t get up till (until) 10 am. (不可用to) 他直到上午十點(diǎn)才起床。注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until。如: Not until 9 am did Mr Smith come back to school. 直到上午九點(diǎn)史密斯先生才回學(xué)校。 (2)to表“終結(jié)”時(shí)常和from連用, 但要注意不與from連用時(shí)的意義知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究。如: from July to September, from six to (till) eight,在from morning till night(從早到晚)中不能用to。 5.表示方式、手段、工具的介詞 (1)by the year / hour / day“按年/小時(shí)/天”,to the pound“按磅算”, to the ton“按噸計(jì)”。 (2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post, by telephone (radio),on the phone, on the radio, on TV, by electricity, through practice, through experi-ence, through the telescope。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 (3)交通工具類。另外:by means of“用……方法”, by way of“經(jīng)由;取道于;用……方法”, with the help / permission of sb (with sb??s help / permission)“在……幫助下”。 (4)表方式、手段的其他用法。如: He beat the dog with a whip. (with +工具、機(jī)器) One smells with his nose. (with +人體器官, 但by hand“手工;用手”) He stood up with pride. (with +表示情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞) 注意:使用語(yǔ)言、材料、文字等用in。如in English / ink / pencil。 6.表示“除……之外”的幾組常用介詞比較知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 besides “除……以外(還有)”; except“除去;除……之外(不再有)”; except for“除了……(對(duì)句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說(shuō)明)”,后接名詞或代詞時(shí)與except that +從句意思相同; except that...“除了……一點(diǎn)以外”。 but和except在表示“除了……以外”時(shí)可以通用, 但應(yīng)注意當(dāng)前面有不定代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞在意義上對(duì)稱以及后接不定式為排除對(duì)象時(shí),多用but。如: All but one are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships. 7.介詞的省略: 知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究介詞for表示時(shí)間的省略要求。 (1)以all開頭的名詞短語(yǔ), for要省略。如: I stayed with her all the morning. 整個(gè)上午我都和她在一起。 (2)在否定句中, 表示時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)前的for不能省略。如: I haven??t seen you for thirty years. 我有三十年沒(méi)見你了。 (3)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在主句之前, for不能省略。如: For the whole morning, the old man kept reading. 整個(gè)上午,老人都一直在看書。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 ?

　　1.(2011全國(guó)Ⅱ) This shop will be closed for repairs 　???? further notice.

　　A.with　B.until　C.for　D.at 【答案與解析】B　句意:這家店將整頓停修直至另行通知。until further notice表示“直至另行通知”。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 2.(2011北京) With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken 　???? color.

　　A.byB.forC.withD.in 【答案與解析】D　句意:使用新技術(shù),人們可以將水下溝壑的圖片拍成彩色的。in color“彩色的”, in 表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 3.(2011湖北) When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside 　???? younger men.

　　A.in terms of B.in need of

　　C.in favor ofD.in praise of 【答案與解析】C　句意:當(dāng)被問(wèn)及對(duì)這個(gè)學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)有什么看法時(shí),很多老師寧愿他讓位以支持年輕人。in favor of“支持;有利于”; in terms of“就……而言”; in need of“需要”; in praise of“表揚(yáng)”。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 4.(2011山東) I??m sorry I didn??t phone you, but I??ve been very busy???????? the past couple of weeks.

　　A.beyond B.with C.among

　　D.over 【答案與解析】D　句意:很抱歉沒(méi)給你打電話, 可是這幾個(gè)星期我一直很忙。通過(guò)前半句“I??ve been very busy”使用的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可知,搭配用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“在過(guò)去的幾周里”,即over the past cou-ple of weeks或in the past couple of weeks。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 5.(2011安徽) Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek　???? food safety problems.

　　A.in B.to C.on D.after 【答案與解析】B　句意:有時(shí)不難找到解決食品安全問(wèn)題的辦法。此句中主語(yǔ)為answers,意為“解決辦法”,作此義時(shí)后跟介詞to或towards,故選B項(xiàng)。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 6.(2011浙江) I always wanted to do the job which I??d been trained ????????.

　　A.onB.forC.byD.of 【答案與解析】B　句意:我經(jīng)常想做我之前受過(guò)相關(guān)培訓(xùn)的工作。for表示目的,意為“為了……”,符合題意。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 7.(2011四川) Nick, it??s good for you to read some books 　????China before you start your trip there.

　　A.in B.for C.of D.on 【答案與解析】D　句意:尼克,你在去中國(guó)旅行之前最好讀一些關(guān)于中國(guó)的書。on 表示關(guān)于, some books on China意為“關(guān)于中國(guó)的一些書”。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 8.(2011天津) He was a good student and scored 　???? average in most subjects.

　　A.below B.of C.on D.above 【答案與解析】D　句意:他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,大多數(shù)科目得分都高于平均水平。above average“高于平均數(shù)”; below average“低于平均數(shù)”; on average“平均起來(lái);一般說(shuō)來(lái)”。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 9.(2011江蘇) We??d better discuss everything 　????before we work out the plan.

　　A.in detail 　

　　　B.in general

　　C.on purpose D.on time 【答案與解析】A　句意:在我們制定計(jì)劃之前, 我們最好詳細(xì)地討論每件事。in detail“詳細(xì)地”; in general“通常;大體上”; on pur-pose“故意地”; on time“準(zhǔn)時(shí);按時(shí)”。知識(shí)盤點(diǎn) 真題探究 10.(2011福建) 　???? good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.

　　A.Far from B.Apart from