2024年高考第二輪復習英語陜西版題型技法指導

　　專題八　短文改錯

　　真題試做

　　（2024·陜西高考）

　　My father and I stayed at the South Lake Hotel for a week when we visit Beijing last month.It is in the downtown area，but it is easy to go to anywhere from the hotel by public transport.

　　We lived in a comfortably double-room with a big bath.What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room.I checked my email messages every day.I also shared for my friends many photos taking in Beijing.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local dish.

　　It

　　is such great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing.

　　考向分析

　　近幾年，越來越多的高考試題采用了新的短文改錯命題形式。從陜西卷、全國課標卷、遼寧卷、浙江卷的短文改錯分析，命題具有以下特點：

　　1．題材貼近學生生活，知識與能力并重。

　　短文改錯的語言材料通常是取自學生自己的作品或類似于學生的隨筆，常以書信、日記形式呈現(xiàn)，以記敘為主，話題常見、內容鮮活、語言地道、通俗易懂，詞數(shù)在120左右，供考生在閱讀中判斷、糾錯，從而檢測學生綜合運用英語的準確性。2024年陜西卷短文改錯和2011年一樣屬于記敘文，全文時態(tài)為一般過去時，閱讀詞匯總量120左右，和2011年的詞匯量基本保持平衡。

　　2．側重詞法句法，同時兼顧其他。

　　短文改錯主要從詞法和句法兩個方面考查學生在語篇中綜合運用英語的準確性，同時兼顧考查行文邏輯、句型結構、習慣搭配等。詞法主要涉及動詞、名詞、介詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、形容詞、副詞等的基本用法和常見搭配；句法主要涉及定語從句、狀語從句和名詞性從句；行文邏輯主要涉及語句的連貫和通順；習慣用法主要涉及英漢兩種語言的不同等。

　　2011～2024年陜西高考卷錯誤項考查點分布統(tǒng)計：

　　3．錯誤類型清楚，設錯規(guī)律明顯。

　　（1）文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處，每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

　　（2）錯誤類型涉及多一個詞、缺一個詞、錯一個詞。每個類型的大致比例是：錯詞的一般為7-8處，多詞和少詞基本是2-3處。

　　（3）考查內容涉及廣泛、分布合理、信息量大。命題者的思路和方式一般在行文邏輯、一致關系、連接手段、平行結構、多詞少詞、母語干擾、冠詞使用、名詞數(shù)格、詞語搭配、詞性辨析等方面，綜合進行設計和考查。

　　預計今后短文改錯題的內容也會比較易懂，考查的知識點與往年會大致相同，主要會涉及：

　　①一致關系。包括主謂一致、時態(tài)一致、代詞指代一致等。

　　②平行結構。包括動詞與動詞相配、形容詞與形容詞相配、分詞與分詞相配、不定式與不定式相配等。常由并列連詞或詞組連接，如：and，or，but，neither...nor...，as well as等。

　　③非謂語動詞的用法。如to的省略、過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的誤用等，以及謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的誤用等。

　　④多余詞。常常是介詞、冠詞等多余。

　　⑤詞性的混用，常為形容詞和副詞混用，以及比較級和原級混用。

　　⑥行文邏輯判斷失誤等。

　　答題步驟

　　1．通讀全文，了解大意，把握時態(tài)。通讀短文把握文章的背景知識，時態(tài)、人稱及行文邏輯。通讀之中可以順手改一些簡單錯誤。

　　2．逐句分析，把握結構。①可以利用短文改錯口訣：動詞形，名詞數(shù)，注意形和副；②代詞格，細領悟，介詞短語須關注；③非謂語動詞細辨別，習慣用法要記住；④冠詞，連詞常光顧。以句子為單位進行分析，尋找其中可能出現(xiàn)的錯誤。英語中句式總的說來分為三大類：簡單句，并列句和復合句。對于并列句和主從復合句，不可分割地去分析，應將并列句中的前后兩個分句、主從復合句中的主句和從句作為一個整體進行分析。這將有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)一些銜接上下句的連接詞錯誤、行文邏輯錯誤以及搭配錯誤等。此外，也應注意句子內部的結構關系，對句子內部各部分的作用及聯(lián)系應有較清楚的了解。可將句子中的“主謂（賓）”看作句子的核心部分，其余修飾部分（如定語、狀語）和附加部分則是句子的延伸和補充，然后弄清楚這些修飾部分和附加部分在句中的作用。對句子結構進行分析有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)那些在句子結構、詞性、謂語形式、非謂語動詞等方面所出現(xiàn)的錯誤。

　　4．復讀全文，驗證答案。改完后，要回過頭來重讀一遍全文，一要注意錯誤點的分散與比例，二要注意答題是否合乎規(guī)范。再次通讀可以在初改時感覺不順的地方集中精力，仔細推敲，使答案更加準確。

　　技法指導

　　1．錯詞修正

　　用詞錯誤是一個頗為復雜的問題。通過最近幾年高考試題的分析可以看出，錯詞在短文改錯題中占的比例最大，大約有7處。可從以下幾方面考慮：

　　（1）謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)是否正確。

　　（2）非謂語動詞的形式是否正確。

　　（3）介詞、副詞、關聯(lián)詞是否正確。

　　（4）名詞的數(shù)、格是否正確。

　　（5）關系代詞和副詞是否誤用。

　　（6）形容詞和副詞是否錯用以及其修飾詞和比較級用法是否正確。

　　（7）習語或固定搭配的結構是否正確。

　　（8）主謂一致，包括人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)是否一致等。

　　2．漏詞添加

　　此類錯誤約1～2處，多見于冠詞、介詞、不定式符號to、關系代詞或副詞等，大都跟前后搭配有關。一般說來，要考慮以下幾種情況：

　　（1）名詞前是否該用冠詞而沒用。

　　（2）動詞之后是否缺了與之搭配的介詞。

　　（3）動詞不定式前是否缺了to。

　　（4）慣用的固定詞組是否完整。

　　（5）句型結構中的形式主語或形式賓語是否缺了代詞it。

　　（6）兩句之間是否缺少必要的表示并列、因果、轉折等關系的連詞，或定語從句間是否少了引導詞等。

　　3．多詞刪除

　　此類錯誤也只有1～2處，多出自結構詞方面。如：

　　（1）多加了冠詞。多出現(xiàn)在某些不可數(shù)名詞、復數(shù)名詞或固定搭配前。

　　（2）介詞的多用。多受漢語影響，在動詞后或某些時間名詞詞組前多加介詞。

　　（3）關系代詞或關系副詞的多用。

　　（4）不定式符號to該省的沒省。

　　（5）形容詞、副詞比較級的重復使用，以及一些“畫蛇添足”的錯誤。

　　誤區(qū)警示

　　1．語義易錯點

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　...but she thanked me and ever mentioned it again.

　　【錯混透析】ever→never。語法沒錯，但句意有誤。ever表示肯定含義，而這句作者想表達的是自己的阿姨知道這件事（偷玩具）但再也沒有提過，應該是否定含義，故將ever改為否定副詞never才對。句意：她知道發(fā)生了什么事，但是她還是對我表示感謝，而且從未再提那件事。

　　（2011陜西高考）

　　He was right there in the front of me!

　　【錯混透析】去掉the。in the front of表示在某一范圍之內的前部；in front of表示在某一范圍之外的前面。

　　【解題指導】做題時，首先要通讀短文，把握大意，弄清文章結構、前因后果、行文邏輯。在理解篇章的基礎上，以句子作為意義單位，逐句審讀，整句理解，仔細分析每一句話。做到詞不離句、句不離文，認真分析，上下兼顧。那種看詞不顧句、顧句不想文的做法是解題的大忌。如果在一句中找出兩處以上的錯誤，說明答案肯定有問題。

　　2．語法易錯點

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　Since his family was rich than mine，he had more toys than I did.

　　【錯混透析】rich→richer。該句有比較句型的標志詞than，卻沒有形容詞比較級；rich的比較級為規(guī)則變化richer。

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　I guessed，even at that age，I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy...

　　【錯混透析】去掉enjoy后的to。enjoy后面應接動詞-ing形式作賓語，所以去掉多余的to。

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　She knows what had happened，but she thanked me...

　　【錯混透析】通篇文章是敘述過去發(fā)生的一件事，所以主體時態(tài)為過去時，這里不可能出現(xiàn)knows這樣明顯的一般現(xiàn)在時。

　　【解題指導】在讀每一個句子時，都要時刻注意語法是否有問題。如名詞的單復數(shù)是否誤用；冠詞是否誤加或漏用；代詞指代是否明確；形容詞和副詞是否混淆，是比較級還是最高級；介詞是否誤加或漏用；時態(tài)、語態(tài)是否正確；動詞形式是否正確；是否遺漏或多用了并列連詞，并列連詞的使用是否合乎邏輯意義；各種從句的連詞是否合乎邏輯等。

　　3．習慣用法易錯點

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　There was one on particular I'd always wanted.

　　【錯混透析】on→in。in particular為固定習語，意為“尤其，特別”。

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　Late on，my aunt drove me home.

　　【錯混透析】Late→Later。later on是固定習語，意為“后來”，而late意為“遲的，晚的”。

　　【解題指導】每一種語言都有它獨特的成語和俗語。英語中的成語、短語、習慣用語很多。有時，它們的構造看起來不合邏輯，甚至不合常理，但又不能隨意更改。所以做題時一定要注意習慣用語和固定搭配，使英語的表達不但合乎語法和意義，而且要符合英語的表達習慣。

　　1

　　（2024·西安八校高三聯(lián)考）

　　Recently some citizens have advised that schools and universities kept their gyms and playgrounds open at weekends for citizens to play sports.The common people welcome the idea warmly when some principals and presidents were against the proposal strongly.Here are their reasons: Citizens entering schools or universities will make that harder to keep the campus safely.Besides，the sports facilities might also be damaged.Therefore，the supporters think it important for citizens to take part in physical exercise，in addition to，the local government and institutes should offer more spaces and facilities for exercise.In this way，we can enjoy good health and live happy life.Meanwhile，it helps save the money spending on medical care and treatment.

　　2

　　Dear Wang Lin，

　　I have just spent half a year at Unionville High School.I have to say this was a great school.The school has many clubs.The students can choose the ones they are interested.I have joined the Math Club of the school and took part in some math competitions.Besides，I had applied for the University of Waterloo，where is my dream school.By the way，I did bad in the final examination.Not satisfying with the result of the examination，so I will work harder in the future.

　　How are you getting along with your study？How are our teachers and classmates？I miss him very much.Please send my best regard to them!

　　Looking forward to hearing from you.

　　Yours，

　　Li Hua

　　3

　　（2024·陜西西工大附中模擬）

　　Dear Tom，

　　I'm very glad to learn from your e-mail that you and your sister will come to Xi'an and call on me on July 1st.And I'm terribly sorry that I can't meet you at the airport because I have to attend meeting in Beijing.Now let me to tell you the way to your home.When you got out of the airport，you can take Bus No.29 to Youyi Bus Station.Walk across the Friendship Street to the west，you can see a bookstore at the corner.Turn to the left there and go straightly on.Then you can see a bank your left.The apartment building I live in is next to the bank.Find Room 502，which my mother will be waiting for you.

　　Best regard to you all.

　　Yours，

　　Liu Mei

　　4

　　Dear Susan，

　　I am a high school student from China.I have learned from Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learning Chinese culture.I'm glad that you had such a great interest in China and I would like to be friend with you.I will write to you as frequent as possible to introduce Chinese culture for you.If you have an opportunity to come to China，I will show you around some famous historical places of interests.What's more，I can teach you that how to speak Chinese.Anyway，I'm sure you will find Chinese culture attractive and wonderfully.

　　I'm looking forward to your reply and become your best friend.

　　Yours sincerely，

　　Li Hua

　　5

　　Last month，we held an art festival in our school，on that occasion a grand photo show was presented.

　　It lasted a whole week and was great success！All the photos were taken by the students themselves.They were most shot in school campus，present our school life，the beauty of nature，outside class activities and so on.All the works of art were at show in the reading-room of our library for students to enjoy it.The photos were such wonderful that some teachers also were attracted to appreciate them.Those whose photos were chosen the best are given different prizes and I was the lucky dog to win first prize.

　　In the short，this photo show really made our life more colorful.We hope we will have much more activities like this in our school.

　　參考答案

　　專題八　短文改錯

　　命題調研·明晰考向

　　真題試做

　　第一句：visit→visited　根據(jù)時間狀語last month可知本句時態(tài)是一般過去時，故動詞用過去式。

　　第二句：but→so/and　前后文是順延或因果關系，故連詞用and或so；

　　to去掉　anywhere是副詞，其前不用介詞。

　　第三句：comfortably→comfortable　修飾名詞double-room，應用形容詞。

　　第四句：were→was　what引導的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，故系動詞were改為was。

　　第六句：for→with　動詞share常與介詞with構成搭配，意思是“和某人分享”；taking→taken　非謂語動詞作后置定語，與所修飾詞是被動關系，故用過去分詞。

　　第七句：dish→dishes　由several修飾，名詞應用復數(shù)。

　　第八句：such后加a　hotel是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，第一次提到，前需加不定冠詞；me→mine　雙重所有格的構成是of ＋名詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格。

　　創(chuàng)新模擬·預測演練

　　1

　　Recently some citizens have advised that schools and universities

　　their gyms and playgrounds open at weekends for citizens to play sports.The common people welcome the idea warmly

　　some principals and presidents against the proposal strongly.Here are their reasons: Citizens entering schools or universities will make

　　harder to keep the campus.Besides，the sports facilities might also be damaged.，the supporters think it important for citizens to take part in physical exercise，in addition to，the local government and institutes should offer more

　　and facilities for exercise.In this way，we can enjoy good health and live

　　happy life.Meanwhile，it helps save the money

　　on medical care and treatment.

　　2

　　Dear Wang Lin，

　　I have just spent half a year at Unionville High School.I have to say this

　　a great school.The school has many clubs.The students can choose the ones they are interested.I have joined the Math Club of the school and

　　part in some math competitions.Besides，I

　　applied for the University of Waterloo， is my dream school.By the way，I did

　　in the final examination.Not

　　with the result of the examination，so'

　　I will work harder in the future.

　　How are you getting along with your study？How are our teachers and classmates？I miss