白易禮英語四級(jí)考試語法筆記
二、關(guān)于動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的幾點(diǎn)說明
1、一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞，它們用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示心理狀態(tài)的詞：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。還有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你說的話。
I dont agree to this proposal. 我不同意這個(gè)建議。
感官動(dòng)詞和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。系動(dòng)詞：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等詞。表示狀態(tài)的詞：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等詞。例如：
I see him now; hes talking to a girl. 我看見他了，他正在和一個(gè)女孩說話。
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 軍艦屬于海軍，坦克屬于陸軍。
The tea tastes fresh. 這茶味道很新鮮。
It sounds strange, but it is true. 聽起來很奇怪，但這是真的。
2、下列句型常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
Here/There+動(dòng)詞+名詞主語：
Here comes the bus! 公共汽車來了。
There goes the bell. 鈴聲響了。
Here/There+代詞主語+動(dòng)詞：
Here he comes! 他來了!
There he goes! 他走了!
在make sure 后面的從句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)：
There arent many seats left for the concert; youd better make sure that you get one today. 這場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天訂妥一個(gè)位子。
Im leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window. 我現(xiàn)在走了。 你務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)上。
3、將來時(shí)常用的表達(dá)方式
單純將來時(shí)用shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形表示。如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十歲了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十號(hào)。
be going to +動(dòng)詞原型 這種形式用于人時(shí)表示打算，意圖，也表示說話者確信無疑;用于物時(shí)表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他們打算七月份結(jié)婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生說他們打算明年買輛新車。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 將有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨。
Look!Its going to snow. 看，要下雪了。
be to +動(dòng)詞原形 表示命令，安排，疑問句中表示征求意見。例如：
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three oclock this afternoon. 總統(tǒng)今天下午三點(diǎn)到達(dá)羅馬。
Am I to set to work? 要著手工作嗎?
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/來嗎?
be about to +動(dòng)詞原形 表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他們正出去的時(shí)候開始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要揚(yáng)帆起航了。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來。主要是表示來，去，留，住，開始，結(jié)束 等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我們星期五離開巴黎，我們從倫敦機(jī)場(chǎng)出發(fā)。
The poor dog is dying. 那條可憐的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲劇就要結(jié)束了/開始了。
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響，是個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，不與明確表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語連用;常與 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+時(shí)間名詞，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far ，up till now ， up to the present 等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀態(tài)語連用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去過哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、過去完成時(shí)的用法
過去完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前。如果發(fā)生有兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過去時(shí)：
It is five years since I left middle school. 我離開中學(xué)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school. 我離開中學(xué)到那時(shí)已經(jīng)有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他們已經(jīng)掙了兩千五百萬美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 電影已經(jīng)開始幾分鐘了他才到電影院。
注意：動(dòng)詞 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他們本希望能來看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想過在那里見她。
6、時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)也叫時(shí)態(tài)的一致，是指在復(fù)合句中，某些從句的時(shí)態(tài)常受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，因而要注意主從句兩部分的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。
主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)時(shí)，從句可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他說他父親是一個(gè)教師。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他們會(huì)告訴你他們正住在上海/在上海住過/將住在上海/一直住在上海。
主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)要注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
A. 從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句須用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I thought he studied hard. 我認(rèn)為他學(xué)習(xí)努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告訴我他兒子在看電視。
B. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過去將來時(shí)。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他說他將要寄這封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他們不知道什么時(shí)候去參觀長城。
C. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，從句須用過去完成時(shí)。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他說已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他們問我以前去沒去過那里。
但是，如果從句有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語，盡管從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，有時(shí)仍用一般過去時(shí)。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告訴我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他們說昨天他們?nèi)繖z查過了。
另外，從句說的是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，即使主句用過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老師告訴學(xué)生們地球是圓的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告訴我你是個(gè)作家。
除了賓語從句外，其他名詞性從句一般也要遵守這種時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)律。而狀語從句和定語從句則是根據(jù)本身意思的需要選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他見過那個(gè)他媽媽是我們老師的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天沒有今天這樣熱。
二、關(guān)于動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的幾點(diǎn)說明
1、一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞，它們用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示心理狀態(tài)的詞：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, want, wish等。還有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。
I accept what you say. 我接受你說的話。
I dont agree to this proposal. 我不同意這個(gè)建議。
感官動(dòng)詞和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。系動(dòng)詞：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等詞。表示狀態(tài)的詞：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等詞。例如：
I see him now; hes talking to a girl. 我看見他了，他正在和一個(gè)女孩說話。
The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to the army. 軍艦屬于海軍，坦克屬于陸軍。
The tea tastes fresh. 這茶味道很新鮮。
It sounds strange, but it is true. 聽起來很奇怪，但這是真的。
2、下列句型常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
Here/There+動(dòng)詞+名詞主語：
Here comes the bus! 公共汽車來了。
There goes the bell. 鈴聲響了。
Here/There+代詞主語+動(dòng)詞：
Here he comes! 他來了!
There he goes! 他走了!
在make sure 后面的從句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)：
There arent many seats left for the concert; youd better make sure that you get one today. 這場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天訂妥一個(gè)位子。
Im leaving now。 -Make sure you lock the window. 我現(xiàn)在走了。 你務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)上。
3、將來時(shí)常用的表達(dá)方式
單純將來時(shí)用shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形表示。如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 明年我就二十歲了。
Tomorrow will be September 10th. 明天是九月十號(hào)。
be going to +動(dòng)詞原型 這種形式用于人時(shí)表示打算，意圖，也表示說話者確信無疑;用于物時(shí)表示可能或必然性。
They are going to get married in July. 他們打算七月份結(jié)婚。
Mr. Brown says he is going to buy a new car next year. Brown 先生說他們打算明年買輛新車。
His wife is going to have a baby. 他妻子要生小孩子了。
There is going to be a storm. 將有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨。
Look!Its going to snow. 看，要下雪了。
be to +動(dòng)詞原形 表示命令，安排，疑問句中表示征求意見。例如：
You are to clean the window. 你要擦窗。
The President is to arrive in Rome at three oclock this afternoon. 總統(tǒng)今天下午三點(diǎn)到達(dá)羅馬。
Am I to set to work? 要著手工作嗎?
Is he to leave/come, too。 要他也走/來嗎?
be about to +動(dòng)詞原形 表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
They are about to go out when it begins to snow. 他們正出去的時(shí)候開始下雪了.
The ship is about to sail。 船要揚(yáng)帆起航了。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來。主要是表示來，去，留，住，開始，結(jié)束 等意義的動(dòng)詞，如：come, end, leave, return, go, start, set out, meet, open, die, arrive。
We are going to Paris on Friday. We are leaving from London Airport. 我們星期五離開巴黎，我們從倫敦機(jī)場(chǎng)出發(fā)。
The poor dog is dying. 那條可憐的狗快要死了。
The tragedy is ending/beginning. 悲劇就要結(jié)束了/開始了。
4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響，是個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，不與明確表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語連用;常與 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+時(shí)間名詞，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far ，up till now ， up to the present 等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀態(tài)語連用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去過哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、過去完成時(shí)的用法
過去完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前。如果發(fā)生有兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過去時(shí)：
It is five years since I left middle school. 我離開中學(xué)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school. 我離開中學(xué)到那時(shí)已經(jīng)有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他們已經(jīng)掙了兩千五百萬美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 電影已經(jīng)開始幾分鐘了他才到電影院。
注意：動(dòng)詞 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他們本希望能來看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想過在那里見她。
6、時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)
時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)也叫時(shí)態(tài)的一致，是指在復(fù)合句中，某些從句的時(shí)態(tài)常受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響，因而要注意主從句兩部分的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。
主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)時(shí)，從句可以用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他說他父親是一個(gè)教師。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai. 他們會(huì)告訴你他們正住在上海/在上海住過/將住在上海/一直住在上海。
主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)要注意下列幾點(diǎn)：
A. 從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，從句須用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
I thought he studied hard. 我認(rèn)為他學(xué)習(xí)努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告訴我他兒子在看電視。
B. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后，從句須用過去將來時(shí)。例如：
He said he would post the letter. 他說他將要寄這封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他們不知道什么時(shí)候去參觀長城。
C. 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，從句須用過去完成時(shí)。例如：
He said he had posted the letter。 他說已經(jīng)把信發(fā)了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他們問我以前去沒去過那里。
但是，如果從句有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語，盡管從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，有時(shí)仍用一般過去時(shí)。例如：
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告訴我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他們說昨天他們?nèi)繖z查過了。
另外，從句說的是一般真理或客觀事實(shí)，即使主句用過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老師告訴學(xué)生們地球是圓的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告訴我你是個(gè)作家。
除了賓語從句外，其他名詞性從句一般也要遵守這種時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的規(guī)律。而狀語從句和定語從句則是根據(jù)本身意思的需要選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)。例如：
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他見過那個(gè)他媽媽是我們老師的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天沒有今天這樣熱。
