新題型三：標題內容匹配題

　　此新題型又一分為二：信息匹配題與概括大意題

　　信息匹配題

　　在一篇約500詞的文章中給了5個小標題，這些小標題一般是文章中段落或的論點或概括句，要求考生從后面6個選項中選出與論點相匹配的論據或者例子。

　　考題特點：根據標題選論據或例子。

　　解題方法

　　1.先讀材料后答題

　　有的考生可能已經養成習慣，喜歡先看后面的選項，然后帶著問題再閱讀文章。這種答題方法很顯然不適合這種新題型，原因很簡單，那就是選項中的文字可能比文章的文字少不了多少，選項。讀完后也記不住多少。所以，最好的辦法是，略讀文章沒有題目的部分，細讀后面的選項，然后再根據小標題一一和選項對照。

　　2.先看標題后看選項

　　通讀完材料之后，考生就可以開始答題了，但這時也要注意先后順序。考生應先看小標題，然后再根據標題所表達的含義到選項中去找對應的闡述部分。在理解全文大意的前提下，我們很容易理解并記住小標題的意思，在備選的選項中去一一對照就比較容易了。做完一道題之后再按同樣的方法繼續下去。

　　3.概括選項含義，提煉中心思想

　　有的選項可能文字較多，這時考生應概括段落的中心思想，必要時用漢語迅速地把它記下來。同時，可以將重要的句子劃出來，整合之后再與前面的小標題一一對照。

　　4.熟悉論證手段，抓住內涵不放

　　前文已經論述了段落展開的幾種手段，考生應對他們有一個大概的了解。出題者可以對其中的任何一種手段進行考查。所以，只要考生熟悉這些段落擴展手段并能對段落進行綜合概括，在考試時就能既快又準地找到答案。

　　例：

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading .There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

　　The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar tombstone that lists where you went to school and where youve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the functional resume-descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.

　　Its handy to have a tombstone for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested tombstone lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.

　　What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read-a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.

　　41.Put yourself first:

　　In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.

　　42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:

　　Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.

　　Toot your own horn!

　　Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch-if only you show it.

　　43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!

　　Remember that brevity is the best policy.

　　44.Turn bad news into good:

　　Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.

　　45.Never apologize:

　　If youve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraphin place of a chronology of experience. Dont apologize for working at being a mother; its the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just dont mention education.

　　The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Dont worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishmentsTry to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before youve ready to show it to a strangerfor a reaction. When youve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isnt that the kind of person youd want working for your?

　　[A]A woman who lost her job as a teachers aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote:Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teachers aide she would rehire if government funds became available.

　　[B]One resume I received included the following: invited by my superior to straighten out our organizations accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion. Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward-all in 34 words.

　　[C]For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.

　　[D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statementReady to learn though not so well educated.

　　[E]One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.

　　[F]A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. Shed agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasnt in her resume. She answered, It wasnt important. What she was really saying of course was Im not important.

　　[題解]

　　這篇文章就如何寫好個人簡歷提出了自己的看法。文章用黑體小標題給出了具體的建議，要求考生選出相應的例子。

　　首先，我們要通讀全文，了解大意。作者在文中強調的簡歷應該是functional，應該是讀起來有趣，具有個性的。在文章中，作者給出了具體的招數。每個著數都有小標題，解釋和舉例。在這兒，考生應該明白的是，英語文章中的小標題不一定等同于論點或段落總結句。小標題一般都較短，較簡潔，有些小標題為了吸引讀者的注意力，用詞較夸張，或者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做題時，不能慌慌張張地看了小標題就去找答案。應該結合正文理解觀點的含義。

　　第一點，Put yourself first。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢?下面的句子進行了解釋，要想讓自己的簡歷使讀的人充滿熱情，那么你首先就要覺得自己是個人物。選項中哪個能進一步說明這一點呢?論證方法是這樣的。作者舉例說明時，可能從正面角度，也可能從反面角度。[F]就是從反面說明了第一個觀點。作者通過例子說明，不要認為自己做過的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人別人又怎么會重視呢?

　　第二點，Sell what you can do,not who you are 。要強調能力而不是性格。下面的文字進一步說明了。要學會把自己的個性和成就詮釋成具體的技能，世界上有至少5000種技能。文后的例子中只有[C]項最貼切，例如，如果你有節約、投資、管理錢財的天分，那么你擁有理財的能力。

　　第三點，Be specific, be concrete, and briefly!一言以蔽之：簡潔。哪個選項說明了這一點呢?[B]項這一個成功的例子說明了這點，一位女士僅用了34個詞就把重點說明白了。

　　第四點，Turn bad news into good。這不是要讓人顛倒黑白，下面解釋道：每個人在工作中總有不盡如人意的地方。如果要提到這些事，那么從積極、正面的角度去看。[A]選項就是一個正面的例子。一個女助教因為政府縮減資金而被解雇地。這似乎不大光彩，但是這位女士談起此事時卻用了另一個角度，校長說了，如果政府的資金夠的話，她第一個重聘的就是我，字里行間洋溢著自信。

　　第五點，Never apologize。下面的文字舉例說明了，要揚長避短。每個人都有短處，沒有必要為自己的短處羞愧。求職就是要讓雇主看到自己的閃光點，個人簡歷不是進行道歉的地方。[D]項以一個失敗的例子說明了這一點：作者的一位朋友說他求職時遭到了歧視，因為他的簡歷中寫了好學，但教育程度不高。

　　[答案]41.F42.C43.B44.A45.D

　　概括大意題

　　一、大綱要求

　　一篇長度為約500詞的文章，全文由7個段落組成，除首尾兩個段落外，其余5段要求考生歸納段落大意，再從6個選項中選出最恰當的5個標題填入空白處。

　　解題技巧

　　這種題型和前面所講的根據標題選內容的題型在本質上是相同的，只不過是將題目與選項的順序顛倒過來而已。關于這種題型的答題方法請參照前面所講的內容。但與此同時還需注意以下幾點：

　　1、逐段閱讀，逐段回答

　　這種題型的選項一般都放在開頭部分，它們大都意思簡單，表述簡潔。閱讀完一段文章之后，考生可停下來，概括段落中心思想，再到前面的選項種去找尋答案。

　　2、注意段首段尾句，準確概括段落大意

　　段落的主題句一般出現在段落的首尾兩個地方，所以，概括段落的中心思想首先應該抓住這兩個地方不放。

　　3、重復原文者多為陷阱，同義轉述者多為答案

　　考生在考試時應該打消這種幻想，那就是正確答案原原本本地來自所對應的段落。這種情況其實很少出現，甚至可以說是不可能的。正確的答案一般都是對原文的概括或轉述，所用的詞語一般都和考生所熟悉的詞語有一定的距離，即，不可能讓考生輕輕松松就能拿到分。所以，一旦某選項直接引用段落中的某些詞語，它很可能就是陷阱，等著考生往里跳。

　　例：

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph .The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

　　[A]What to do as a student?

　　[B]Various definitions of plagiarism

　　[C]Ideas should always be sourced

　　[D]Ignorance can be forgiven

　　[E]Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

　　[F]The consequences of plagiarism

　　Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another persons ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as ones own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.

　　41. _________________

　　The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

　　42. _________________

　　Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

　　43. _________________

　　Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writers inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

　　44. _________________

　　Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography-are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

　　45. _________________

　　The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

　　The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

　　[題解]

　　這篇文章的結構屬于現象、問題解決型，內容是關于學術抄襲，作者主要介紹了什么是抄襲，它的后果，以及建設性的建議。整篇文章層次分明，語言簡練。

　　文章第1段給抄襲下了定義。第2段的第一句話已經暗示了41題的答案，The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. 中penalties是plagiarism的結果，而在6個選項中，[F]項中的The consequences of plagiarism 剛好與penalties相對應。

　　下1段又說到，學生們應該避免抄襲。而造成抄襲又可以分為3種情況：偶然、無知和故意。接下來的幾段就是對這3種情況的進一步介紹。了解了這些段落的大意，考生就可以選出剩下的答案了。

　　42題目所在段落中的首句有Students一詞,與選項A中的student相對應。該文中除了最后一段，就只有第三段中有Students一詞了。

　　也許考生在43題和44題上會選錯，看到44題所處段落中有ignorance這個詞就選了[D]。但是該段強調的是作者都應該學會標注引用的來源，如果沒有標注，免不了要受到抨擊。43題所處段落中說，這種抄襲的情況是最輕的一種，是可以饒恕的，所以[D]選項最貼切。

　　[答案] 41.F 42.A 43.D 44.C 45.E