考研沖刺閱讀面面觀
第一部分：閱讀核心能力面面觀
在教學中，同學們在閱讀單項會遇到各種各樣的問題，有單詞不會的，有句子太長讀不懂的，有篇章讀完抓不住中心的，有時間來不及的，各種各樣的問題出現，同學們不禁問，閱讀我到底應該怎么準備?接下來就這個議題，我提出考研閱讀兩項最核心的備考能力，一是定位，二是同意替換。
我反復觀察一些同學的閱讀習慣，發現很多同學都是相同的閱讀習慣，拿到文章后先仔細的把文章閱讀一遍，然后開始做題，憑借自己對文章的理解，完成后面的題目，這樣的同學，做了很多套題后仍然感覺進步非常小，原因就在于，閱讀的思路不正確。
我們可以先來看一道題，來自考研1996年第一篇文章，里面的第三題這么寫到According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.
A) that is the first step to please the employer
B) that is the requirement of the employer
C) it enables him to know when to sell his services
D) it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
許多同學在看了原文后選擇了C選項，我們一起來看看原文。原文這么說到：In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
許多同學選C選項的原因是，兩者講的幾乎沒有差別，只在細節上差了一個詞，原文中出現的是where to sell your services，題目中用的是when to sell his services，差異只在where和when這兩個詞上。直接做題的同學很難注意到這上面的差異，就可能直接選擇了干擾性極大的C選項，除非是瞬間記憶力及其出色的同學，否則我們確實很難單憑第一遍的記憶就看出這個細節上的差異，而這恰恰是考官最喜歡的出題思路，也就是通過改動原文中的小細節來設置干擾項迷惑考生。針對這樣子的問題，同學們第一條急需改變的閱讀思路便是，每道題目都要回到原文中找到出題的點，反復和選項進行比對。我們簡單的用兩個字概括便是，精讀!也就是大家第一條需要改變的閱讀思路就是，改泛讀為精讀，將對文章泛泛的理解改為對局部文本精細的研讀和比對。因此帶著問題回原文中定位是考研第一個重要的能力。事實上，我總結了我們考研閱讀中遇到所有的題目，都只需要原文中的一句話就可以解題，也就是如果我們能夠利用題干中的定位詞找出每道題目的出題點，我們的閱讀量就可以大大減少，時間可以大大節省下來，我們的閱讀也變得非常有針對性。一篇考研文章后面只有五道題，對應原文中的五句話，也就是大約100字不到的文本就足以應付所有的考研閱讀后面的題目。而很多同學花了大量的時間去研究原文的意思，留給題目的時間非常少，事實上是犯了本末倒置的錯誤。在考研閱讀考試中我們便已經占據了絕對的優勢!第一點定位決定了我們能否快速找到原文的出題句，但找到出題句只意味著我們成功了一半。
另一半來自哪里?就來自考研的第二個點，叫做同意替換。我們任何考研閱讀題的答案，事實上，都是對原文的同意表達，也就是采用不同的單詞，來表達同樣的意思。如果我們能識別出這里面的同意替換，也就找到了解題的最關鍵點。由此我們發現在備考考研過程中，我們需要積累的不光是一個個單一的詞匯，而是以組為單位的同意替換。一旦平時我們能多注意同意替換的積累，考試中遇到類似的同意替換，做題自然就能得心應手!
第二部分：閱讀核心技巧面面觀
考研中的閱讀，復習和臨場應變能力又是兩碼事情，畢竟平時是在壓力較小緊迫感較低的狀況下完成的，但是臨場應變能力顯然與此相去甚遠，我告訴學生，考試只有兩個字：熟練。包括我們老師去考試，如果不熟練，照樣會遇到滑鐵盧。首先考研閱讀的時間大概是：每篇16分鐘最佳，最多可延長至20分鐘左右。以下我們撰寫了五步法，以飴讀者。拿到一篇文章，最基礎的請各位劃出段落序號以及各段首句。
第一步：閱讀首段，了解文章主題(Theme)(1-2分鐘)。
第二步：掃描題干，盡量找出題干能夠提供的信息(Key Words)(1分鐘)。定位詞的優先考慮順序:1、首先標出明確告訴位置的題目所在;2、專有名詞優先，包括人名、地名、書名以及帶引號的詞等;3、數字、時間(包括某些介詞短語);4、較長、較復雜的詞組(名詞動詞詞組優先);5、重要的動詞、形容詞或副詞;6、條件詞、因果詞、比較詞。
第三步：變速瀏覽原文，抓住中心 (7-8分鐘)。注意把握三個閱讀原則：原則一：首段原則(文章的第一段逐字讀明白，可以反復和回讀);原則二：首末句原則(其余各段的首尾句要細讀，其他各句正常閱讀即可);原則三： 路標 原則。所謂路標詞，就是表示作者思想銜接和轉折的功能詞匯。如：1、中心詞 2、轉折詞 3、態度詞 4、例證詞 5、列舉詞。
第四步：仔細審題，定位原文 (3-5分鐘)。原則一：關鍵詞定位原則;原則二：自然段定位原則;原則三：長難句定位原則。請注意：注意一：關鍵詞在原文可能是原詞本身，也可能是關鍵詞的同義詞;注意二：問原因的問題，一般問主要原因(major reason);注意三： 邪惡的眼睛 (in the eyes of)，注意問的是誰的觀點和態度。
第五步：重疊選項，斟酌答案(3-5分鐘)。原則：不能僅憑借印象做題，考研閱讀的干擾項干擾性巨大，除了理解原文，分辨正確和錯誤的選項也是一種重要的基本功。一般對原文進行同義替換的是答案：同義替換的手段有：a)關鍵詞替換 b)變換句型 c)正話反說 d)語言簡化。原則一：選最佳答案而不是正確答案。原則二：不放過任何一個選項：細讀每個選項，鑒于強干擾性，要求必須記住：選一個選項應有選的理由，不選一個選項也應有不選的理由。原則三：每個選項都當成生命中最重要的句子。
第三部分：閱讀核心練習面面觀
接下來，老師精選了一道題目，非常適合以上的講解，請同學閱讀完以上的技巧，試著領會其中的奧妙，然后練習以下的題目，看看自己是否有很快的長進?
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006 s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) non of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in non of the above. Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, Ericsson recalls. He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person encodes the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goal, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A]stress the importance of professional training
[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup
[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word mania most probably means
[A]fun [B]craze [C]hysteria [D]excitement
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A]depends on meaningful processing of information
[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors
[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success
[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked
[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture
25. Which of the following proverbs is closet to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] Faith will move mountains [B] one reaps what one sows
[C] Practice makes perfect [D] Like father, like son
第一部分：閱讀核心能力面面觀
在教學中，同學們在閱讀單項會遇到各種各樣的問題，有單詞不會的，有句子太長讀不懂的，有篇章讀完抓不住中心的，有時間來不及的，各種各樣的問題出現，同學們不禁問，閱讀我到底應該怎么準備?接下來就這個議題，我提出考研閱讀兩項最核心的備考能力，一是定位，二是同意替換。
我反復觀察一些同學的閱讀習慣，發現很多同學都是相同的閱讀習慣，拿到文章后先仔細的把文章閱讀一遍，然后開始做題，憑借自己對文章的理解，完成后面的題目，這樣的同學，做了很多套題后仍然感覺進步非常小，原因就在于，閱讀的思路不正確。
我們可以先來看一道題，來自考研1996年第一篇文章，里面的第三題這么寫到According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.
A) that is the first step to please the employer
B) that is the requirement of the employer
C) it enables him to know when to sell his services
D) it forces him to become clearly aware of himself
許多同學在看了原文后選擇了C選項，我們一起來看看原文。原文這么說到：In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.
許多同學選C選項的原因是，兩者講的幾乎沒有差別，只在細節上差了一個詞，原文中出現的是where to sell your services，題目中用的是when to sell his services，差異只在where和when這兩個詞上。直接做題的同學很難注意到這上面的差異，就可能直接選擇了干擾性極大的C選項，除非是瞬間記憶力及其出色的同學，否則我們確實很難單憑第一遍的記憶就看出這個細節上的差異，而這恰恰是考官最喜歡的出題思路，也就是通過改動原文中的小細節來設置干擾項迷惑考生。針對這樣子的問題，同學們第一條急需改變的閱讀思路便是，每道題目都要回到原文中找到出題的點，反復和選項進行比對。我們簡單的用兩個字概括便是，精讀!也就是大家第一條需要改變的閱讀思路就是，改泛讀為精讀，將對文章泛泛的理解改為對局部文本精細的研讀和比對。因此帶著問題回原文中定位是考研第一個重要的能力。事實上，我總結了我們考研閱讀中遇到所有的題目，都只需要原文中的一句話就可以解題，也就是如果我們能夠利用題干中的定位詞找出每道題目的出題點，我們的閱讀量就可以大大減少，時間可以大大節省下來，我們的閱讀也變得非常有針對性。一篇考研文章后面只有五道題，對應原文中的五句話，也就是大約100字不到的文本就足以應付所有的考研閱讀后面的題目。而很多同學花了大量的時間去研究原文的意思，留給題目的時間非常少，事實上是犯了本末倒置的錯誤。在考研閱讀考試中我們便已經占據了絕對的優勢!第一點定位決定了我們能否快速找到原文的出題句，但找到出題句只意味著我們成功了一半。
另一半來自哪里?就來自考研的第二個點，叫做同意替換。我們任何考研閱讀題的答案，事實上，都是對原文的同意表達，也就是采用不同的單詞，來表達同樣的意思。如果我們能識別出這里面的同意替換，也就找到了解題的最關鍵點。由此我們發現在備考考研過程中，我們需要積累的不光是一個個單一的詞匯，而是以組為單位的同意替換。一旦平時我們能多注意同意替換的積累，考試中遇到類似的同意替換，做題自然就能得心應手!
第二部分：閱讀核心技巧面面觀
考研中的閱讀，復習和臨場應變能力又是兩碼事情，畢竟平時是在壓力較小緊迫感較低的狀況下完成的，但是臨場應變能力顯然與此相去甚遠，我告訴學生，考試只有兩個字：熟練。包括我們老師去考試，如果不熟練，照樣會遇到滑鐵盧。首先考研閱讀的時間大概是：每篇16分鐘最佳，最多可延長至20分鐘左右。以下我們撰寫了五步法，以飴讀者。拿到一篇文章，最基礎的請各位劃出段落序號以及各段首句。
第一步：閱讀首段，了解文章主題(Theme)(1-2分鐘)。
第二步：掃描題干，盡量找出題干能夠提供的信息(Key Words)(1分鐘)。定位詞的優先考慮順序:1、首先標出明確告訴位置的題目所在;2、專有名詞優先，包括人名、地名、書名以及帶引號的詞等;3、數字、時間(包括某些介詞短語);4、較長、較復雜的詞組(名詞動詞詞組優先);5、重要的動詞、形容詞或副詞;6、條件詞、因果詞、比較詞。
第三步：變速瀏覽原文，抓住中心 (7-8分鐘)。注意把握三個閱讀原則：原則一：首段原則(文章的第一段逐字讀明白，可以反復和回讀);原則二：首末句原則(其余各段的首尾句要細讀，其他各句正常閱讀即可);原則三： 路標 原則。所謂路標詞，就是表示作者思想銜接和轉折的功能詞匯。如：1、中心詞 2、轉折詞 3、態度詞 4、例證詞 5、列舉詞。
第四步：仔細審題，定位原文 (3-5分鐘)。原則一：關鍵詞定位原則;原則二：自然段定位原則;原則三：長難句定位原則。請注意：注意一：關鍵詞在原文可能是原詞本身，也可能是關鍵詞的同義詞;注意二：問原因的問題，一般問主要原因(major reason);注意三： 邪惡的眼睛 (in the eyes of)，注意問的是誰的觀點和態度。
第五步：重疊選項，斟酌答案(3-5分鐘)。原則：不能僅憑借印象做題，考研閱讀的干擾項干擾性巨大，除了理解原文，分辨正確和錯誤的選項也是一種重要的基本功。一般對原文進行同義替換的是答案：同義替換的手段有：a)關鍵詞替換 b)變換句型 c)正話反說 d)語言簡化。原則一：選最佳答案而不是正確答案。原則二：不放過任何一個選項：細讀每個選項，鑒于強干擾性，要求必須記住：選一個選項應有選的理由，不選一個選項也應有不選的理由。原則三：每個選項都當成生命中最重要的句子。
第三部分：閱讀核心練習面面觀
接下來，老師精選了一道題目，非常適合以上的講解，請同學閱讀完以上的技巧，試著領會其中的奧妙，然后練習以下的題目，看看自己是否有很快的長進?
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006 s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) non of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in non of the above. Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20, Ericsson recalls. He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person encodes the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goal, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming are nearly always made, not born.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A]stress the importance of professional training
[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup
[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word mania most probably means
[A]fun [B]craze [C]hysteria [D]excitement
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A]depends on meaningful processing of information
[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises
[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors
[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success
[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance
[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked
[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture
25. Which of the following proverbs is closet to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] Faith will move mountains [B] one reaps what one sows
[C] Practice makes perfect [D] Like father, like son
