寫好英語段落的三個標準

首先，一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic)，這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次，一個段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個完整的感覺，這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一個段落不是雜亂無章的，而是有機的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標準分別加以說明。

【第1句】：統一性

一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬于一個中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例：

Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise， we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much， and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.

本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences，一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這一段是講的是Joe and I ，中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分，值得引起注意。再看一個例子：

My name is Roseanna， and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds， but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles， swimming fifteen laps， lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.

本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences，一個是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個是My mother was a premature baby.

從上面兩個例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴重了。

【第2句】：完整性

正象我們前面說得那樣，一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現，如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實，就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如：

Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides， it is more useful to work —— you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.

本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由于四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100～120個詞的三段式短文，每一段只有大約40個詞左右，因此，要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如：

It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means， but a careful writer can almost always explain it.

段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋，整個段落內容空洞，簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：

It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes， pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water， will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning， or start screaming “Help”?

【第3句】：連貫性(coherence)

連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面，前者指的是內在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連，句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之，只有意連而沒有形連，有時行文就不夠流暢。

1)、意連

段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的'次序，不能想到什么就寫什么。如果在下筆之前沒有構思，邊寫邊想，寫寫停停，那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。

A.按時間先后排列(chronological arrangement)

We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose， it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then， when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain， it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here， judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit， not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough， by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff， dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine， when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit， we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.

本段從“rose”(起床)寫起，然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”， “closing at nine o'clock”)，然后是“close to noon”，一直寫到這一天結束(“By nine——”)。

B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如：

From a distance， it looked like a skinny tube， but as we got closer， we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular， all right， but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore， we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

本段的寫法是由遠及近，從遠處(“from a distance”)寫起，然后“get closer”，再到(“ten feet away”)，最后是“inside the pagoda”……當然，按位置遠近來寫不等于都是由遠及近。根據需要，也可以由近及遠，由表及里等等。

C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)

a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)

If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

這一段談的是表達能力，它的重要性與職業，身份有關，從“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。

b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)

If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.

這一段談的是a writer's carelessness，先給出一個general statement作為主題句，然后通過5個 ”perhaps”加以例證。

c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)

I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.

本段的主題句是段首句，它僅提出一個問題：為什么兩只貓會被搞混。然后對兩者進行比較，末句才下結論。

2)、形連

行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字并找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語：

Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them; however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， during his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.

本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種，一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases)，另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， both…and， consequently， and， finally.后者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有詞匯105個，所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞，約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。由此可見，掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益，而且對于學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。

一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture， loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的”it”之外，沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣，文中出現許多重復的詞語，全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話，這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落：

Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing， on the other hand， uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago， but written language is a recent development， invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal， while the word choice of writing， by contrast， is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from， they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and the rise and fall of the voice， but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.

【第4句】：有損連貫性的幾種情況：

考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤：

【第1句】：不必要的改變時態，比如：

In the movie， Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him， so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house， he had waited for the heat to die down， but they come after him anyway.

【第2句】：不必要的改變單復數，比如：

Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run， the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.

【第3句】：不必要的改變人稱，比如：

Now more than ever， parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.

因此寫作中，一定要注意時態，人稱以及數的變化是否正確，要注意保持一致。

描寫好朋友的段落

【第1句】：任何情況下，背后不說他人是非。如果一定要你說，說好話。多個朋友是好事，即使不是很要好的，總比因為自己說話不慎重不思考而多一個敵人好得多。

【第2句】：一個人能走多遠，要看他與誰同行；一個人多么優秀，要看他身邊有什么樣的朋友；一個人能有多大的成就，要看他有誰指點。

【第3句】：不管多久沒見面，我們彼此都還是老樣子，脾氣差，說話大聲，不注意儀表，可是永遠笑得那么開心。朋友，就是無論分開生活多久，再相聚也不會尷尬，會為你的傷心而心疼。

【第4句】：平時的時候，多和你的朋友溝通交流一下，不要等到需要朋友的幫助時，才想到要和他們聯系，到了社會，你才會知道，能夠認識一個真正的.朋友，有多難。

【第5句】：為你的難過而快樂的，是敵人；為你的快樂而快樂的，是朋友；為你的難過而難過的，就是那些該放進心里的人。

【第6句】：正如要在路旁多栽樹一樣，我們也要在自己的人生路上多交些知心朋友，那么你這一路走來，便會是馨香滿懷，心曠神怡。愛人是路，朋友是樹。一路上有朋友相伴，但千萬莫忘路，也別迷路。

【第7句】：如果有一天你想哭，給我打電話，我無法許諾讓你笑，但我可以默默地陪著你；因為我們是真正的朋友，所以我愿意分享你的悲傷與歡笑，不要覺得這是打擾，這是友情。

【第8句】：當我在死胡同時，你為我開辟一條新路：當我在困在海中央時，你為我造出一條小船。

【第9句】：如果你的朋友有點瘋，請好好珍惜！她們可能看起來很兇，其實內心是最柔軟的；她們看起來很冷淡，但那只是保護自己的方法；她們很重視友情，但被傷害后絕對不再友善她們很容易被感動，但感動中又保有理智；她們可能看起來很堅強，其實是最脆弱的；她們不愛記仇，但誰對她好誰對她不好，她還是記得很清楚的。

【第10句】：跟朋友裝沉默，跟陌生人講心里話。對于在乎你的，不想讓他們擔心，有時候，沒有消息就是一種好消息。其實，很想說“我很好”，或許是昧著心說謊，也只是想把最燦爛的一面，放在每個人對自己印象的首頁。

【第11句】：曾經的我們一起歡笑打鬧，一起為不及格的分數苦惱和傻笑，一起為踏入社會而迷茫。也許在那第一年我們是最好朋友，第二年是很好的朋友，再下一年是不常說話的朋友，第四年可能是連話都不想說的朋友。即使這樣，也想對曾經在生命中出現過的朋友說：你是特別的，因為你的出現讓我的生命更精彩。

描寫好班長的段落

【第1句】：他的頭大大的、眼睛小小的，鼻子上架著一副眼鏡。嘴巴小小的，但一說話來可不得了。每次收作業的'時候總是滔滔不絕地喊著：“收作業了、收作業了，大家快點快點！”大家可千萬別以為他是個急性子，他跑起步來可沒這么著急，慢騰騰的，每次都是第一個出發，最后回來。

【第2句】：班長還記得第一次訓練嗎？齊步走我終是同手同腳。你耐著性子給我教一邊又一邊。那一次訓練我忘了帶手套，零下三十多度啊，你摘下手套命令我帶上。零下三十度什么概念啊，北極被這也就冷十來度。那天你的手凍的通紅。班長還記得第一次跑五公里嗎？穿棉衣棉褲大頭鞋。班長別說跑走五公里都能累死人啊。我們一個星期下來都喊腳疼。你說好了要給嫂子打電話。但看著我們這幫家伙你那起紅花油就 給我們搽。嫂子說你不講信用。班長還記得第一次站崗嗎？那次刮著西風，你讓我面朝東。你在風里凍的跺腳。你告訴我有一天當班長了也把困難留給自己。班長還 記得那次考核嗎？哪次連長說誰槍打不合格從耙場怕回來。你知到我心里素質不行就幫我補了兩槍。后來你自己從靶場爬了回來。幾千米呢，走路都的十幾分鐘。

【第3句】：他很幽默，有一次我問他：“你在橋上走，左邊是狼、右邊是鬼，下面是一條鱷魚和很深的水。假如你只有一把劍，你要射哪個人？”他毫不猶豫地說： “射自己。”把我給笑死了。他不僅幽默，還很聰明。有一次，老師出了一個很深奧的問題，我們都不會，連邴耀奕都被難住了，就他舉著高高地手，一下子就回答 出來了。真是厲害。

【第4句】：在《送戰友》的路上老班長緊緊握住我的手對我說《送你一枚小彈殼》，那是他在打靶時偷偷留下來的，我滿懷眼淚揮手告別《再見吧！老兵》！繼續留 隊的我也成為了一名老班長，每當掏出老班長送的小彈殼就禁不住《懷念戰友》，《戰友，還記得嗎？》當初我們一起摸爬滾打的日子？！有多少次我對著遠方吶 喊：“老班長，永遠永遠《我是你的兵》”！老兵走后，無邊的空寂夜我無數次心里對自己說《你有些想家嗎？》，終于該我《回家探親》的日子，我打點行囊回家 見到了我的《媽媽》，可憐天下父母心，母親的百般呵護真正讓我感受到了什么叫作《人間第一情》！

寫好議論文的核心段落的方法

議論文核心語段寫作技巧探究

要掌握核心語段的基本結構

模式：主題句+支撐句【第1句】：【第2句】：【第3句】：4……

核心語段的組合不必太繁復，應追求中心清楚,層次明晰，所以一般采取總分結構，形成“主題句+支撐句”的形式。

中心句通常位于段首。支撐句從不同角度、深度、廣度來證明主題句。支撐句可以按并列、遞進、轉折、因果、條件、承接等關系組合。

例如：①虛懷若谷，是人高尚情操的表現，也只有具備了這一點，才是健全的品格。②三國周瑜，年少有為，才智過人，堪稱一代儒將。③可是面對足智多謀“運籌帷幄決勝于千里之外”的諸葛孔明，周瑜不是虛心向他人學習，而是忌妒諸葛亮的才華，不肯承認諸葛亮比自己棋高一著的事實，反而發出“既生瑜何生亮”的慨嘆，最終憂憤而死。④這一史實說明了嫉妒的危害，它就像絆腳石，阻礙我們的發展，使我們不能清楚地認識自己的缺點，更不利于健康品格的形成。

【分析】此段采用了例證法。由四個句子組成。“主題句”是①，②③④是支撐句。第2句和第3句是轉折關系第3句和第4句之間是承接關系。整段話清晰明白，有理有據。

主題句即觀點句。其主要內容要用概括的關鍵詞明確表達，后面的主題句才有充分展開分述的空間，也才能給結論留下回扣的對應點。例如

自信比相信天命更有意義。（觀點句）一般人通常喜歡相信天命，在他們的意識里，任何事物都歸于上天的安排（過渡句）：生命從上天獲得，健康有上天保佑，飲食靠上天賞賜，利益有上天贈與。（概括敘述現象）過分地相信上天，結果把自己的主權毫無條件地送給了神明，而不知道自己的命運要靠自己主宰的道理。（分析現象的危害）只有自信才能主宰自己的命運：黑暗的可以變成光明，悲傷的`可以化為幸福，崎嶇不平的道路可以鋪成平坦光明的坦途。（闡釋道理）要相信自己的生活幸福、精神愉快、前途光明都得靠自己爭取，凡事靠自己的雙手去創造，比依賴神明的支配不是更加實惠嗎？（揭示普遍道理）

【分析】觀點要靠事實說話，但這絕不意味著可以用觀點加材料的簡單公式便可以自然地得出結論。要知道，再典型的事例也只是個案，現象的背后都可能包含普遍的道理，但需要科學的歸納，理性的提煉。這個歸納和提煉的過程就是從感覺中提升感悟的過程。//這種思路通常的組織形式是：①段首觀點句，②引用具體的事例（可以是單個經歷，也可以是多則事件；可以是百態列舉，也可以是世象組合。引用事例要把握一個尺度，如果是引用單個經歷可以適當詳細些，如果是多則事件就要采用排比或者定語擴展的方式記述，千萬不能逐一展開詳細的描述），③對事件作分析評價，④揭示出普遍的社會屬性或人生道理。

例如：《還有一個蘋果》

堅定的信念是擺脫困境的制勝法寶。（段首觀點句）//一場突然而至的沙塵暴，讓一個穿越沙漠的獨行俠迷失了方向，更可怕的是他的干糧和水包不幸被風暴卷走。翻遍所有的衣袋，他只找到一個泛青的酸蘋果。可就是這個不起眼的蘋果讓他找到了求生的信念。他走過了不知多遠的路程，摔了不知多個跟頭，嘴唇干裂了無數道口子，衣服經歷了無數便濕了又干，干了又濕的反復折騰。他的心中一直默念著：“我還有一個蘋果……”，三天后，他終于走出了沙漠。（描述一個具體的事例）//沙漠獨行俠的經歷讓我們悟出了一個人生的命題：只要你信念的旗幟不倒，你就又走出困境的可能。//在生命的旅程中，我們常常會遇到始料不及的挫折或失敗，會身陷意外的困境，心遭不測的打擊，這時，不要輕易地放棄。其實，只要心存不滅的信念，努力尋找，你會驚訝地發現事情遠非想象的那么糟糕。（對事件作分析評價）//只要你有戰勝困難的勇氣，你一定能夠找到擺脫危險，渡過難關的“蘋果”，握緊她，就沒有穿越不了的沙漠。（揭示普遍的規律）